chapter 9

• intelligence tests are designed to predict what?

  NOTHING
• why was intelligence definition controversial from the start?

  nature of intelligence (how many factors there is to it)
• ON AVERAGE IQ scores have a positive correlation with what?

  income, but we don't know which comes first, "smarter people make more money," chicken or the egg (correlation DOES NOT equal causality)
• is intelligence nature or nurture?

  BOTH; nature = all for improving people's environment to raise IQ, nurture = IQ is inherited.
• intelligence is what we do when?

  we don't know what to do
• what are Binet's principles?

  1: age differentiation and 2: general mental ability
• Binet 1st principle: age differentiation, what is it?

  one can differentiate older children from younger children by the former’s greater capabilities. He searched for tasks that could be completed by between 66.67% and 75% of the children of age group and also by a smaller proportion of children could complete as a function of increase in age.
• The principle of age differentiation could?

  determine the equivalent age capabilities of a child independent of his/her chronological age.
• Binet's 2nd principle: general mental ability, what is it?

  intelligence; used for understanding modern conceptions of human intelligence.
• In spearmint model; what is psychometric G?

  diverse tasks all correlate, no matter how diverse all are influenced by g, developed factor analysis (used to reduce set of variables or score to be a smaller number of hypothetical factors)
• What is measuring g?

  general mental ability, mental energy
• Concept of general intelligence implies that?

  a persons intelligence can be represented by a single score (g). Reflects the shared variance underlying performance on a diverse set of tests.
• Measuring g, what is the gf-gc theory of intelligence?

  fluid intelligence: processing new information, reasoning, thinking (gf), crystallized intelligence: solving problems with learned information; applying previously learned information. (gc) 
• What about multiple intelligences?

  data does not support this well, no one has been able to support this because ALL intelligences are correlated with each other.
• Early Binet Scale: 1904 educational commission?

  detect “intellectually deficient children” (test little kids to determine who need extra help in school).
• Early Binet Scale: 1904 educational commission 3 main elements?

  measuring: find and maintain direction toward a goal ; Self-criticize to recognize when change is needed (recognize when a strategy is not working) ; Change direction when necessary (make change in strategy when needed!).
• Early Binet Scales: 1905 Binet?

  1st IQ test, 30 items presented in increasing order of difficulty, Provided first major measure of human intelligence,  Entirely verbal tasks, Good start and improved over time (normed only 50 kids)
• Early Binet Scales: 1905 Binet limitations?

  Lacked adequate measuring unit to express results
• Early Binet Scales: 1908 Binet?

  Age scale: items grouped according to age level rather than simply one set of items of increasing difficulty, introduction to the concept of mental age, MA of 10 --> CA of 12 --> IQ = 120%, heavily verbal.
• Early Binet Scales: 1908 Binet limitations?

  Binet was fully aware of limits: Binet did not believe he was measuring something biologically determined because the test was designed to get kids extra help in school. What he was measuring could be changed by the environment --> kids receiving extra help
• Early Binet Scales: Terman's Stanford Binet 1916 kids section?

  FOR KIDS: Terman expanded tasks (more tasks) and norms, no diverse sample, changed Binet from French to English, used intelligence quotient.
• Early Binet Scale: Terman's Stanford Binet 1916, what is the intelligence quotient for kids?

  mental age compare to chronological; MA/CA X 100 --> 12/10 = 120 advanced 10 year old
• Early Binet Scale: Terman Stanford Binet 1916 adult section?

  Introduced deviation IQ --> controlled for different IQ variabilities across age groups: precise way of expressing the results of an intelligence test. 
• What are the major revisions of the Binet Scales over time?

  more items, better standardization, better norming samples (bigger, more diverse, census based)
• Modern Binet Scales: what is the 4th edition 1986?

  based on more complex model of intelligence (more diverse the tasks --> the more information you can gather), Overall g (general mental ability) factor; 3 subfactors
• Modern Binet Scales: 4th edition, what are the 3 subfactors?

  crystalized, fluid analytic, short term memory
• 4th Edition Binet: IQ tests can be used to?

  assess a traumatic brain injury, autism, or something else with cognitive deficits, diagnosing learning disorders, used when people are struggling with something.
• Modern Binet Scales: 5th edition 2003?

  more complex, overall g (general mental ability) factor; 5 subfactors, basal (base, bottom), ceiling (top): the test can be given to children all the way up to adults (bottom --> top).
• Modern Binet Scale: 5th edition 2003, how are the items structured?

  easy items --> hard items; Get items correct --> give slightly hard items ---> get it wrong -->give more items like that hard item --> keep missing those items --> you meet the ceiling of your ability.