cell biology

• Chloroplasts in plant cells carry out photosynthesis
• Cells specialise through differentiation
• Inoculating loops must be sterilised
• The zone of inhibition around antibiotic discs indicates the effectiveness of the antibiotic
• Chromosomes contain coils of DNA
• Genes are short sections of DNA that code for proteins and control characteristics
• There are 23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell of the body, resulting in 46 chromosomes in total
• Sex cells have 23 chromosomes
• Mitosis is a step in the cell cycle
• Interphase: cell grows, organelles increase, DNA is replicated, and energy stores are increased
• Cytokinesis: two identical daughter cells form when the cytoplasm and cell membranes divide
• Mitosis is important for growth, development, and replacing damaged cells in multicellular organisms
• Mitosis is vital for asexual reproduction
• Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that can produce many similar cells
• Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any type of cell in the body
• Adult stem cells found in bone marrow can form many types of cells
• Therapeutic cloning involves producing an embryo with the same genes as the patient to obtain embryonic stem cells for medical use
• Diffusion is the spreading out of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
• Osmosis is the movement of water from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one through a partially permeable membrane
• In animals, osmosis can cause cells to burst or become shrivelled depending on the external solution concentration
• In plants, osmosis can lead to turgor pressure or plasmolysis depending on the external solution concentration
• Active transport is the movement of particles from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration, requiring energy from respiration
• Root hairs and gut cells use active transport