Patho Lec

• What is absolute erythrocytosis?

  True increase in red blood cell mass
• What causes absolute erythrocytosis?

  Increased production of red blood cells
• What is relative erythrocytosis?

  Due to reduced plasma volume
• What is a common cause of relative erythrocytosis?

  Dehydration
• How does relative erythrocytosis affect total RBC mass?

  Total RBC mass remains normal
• How does absolute erythrocytosis differ from relative erythrocytosis?

  Absolute involves increased RBC mass; relative does not
• What does regenerative anemia indicate about bone marrow response?

  It shows an appropriate bone marrow response
• What causes regenerative anemia?

  Blood loss or hemolysis
• What does non-regenerative anemia indicate about bone marrow response?

  It indicates inadequate marrow response
• What are common causes of non-regenerative anemia?

  Chronic disease, iron deficiency, or marrow disorders
• How does regenerative anemia differ from non-regenerative anemia in terms of bone marrow response?

  Regenerative anemia has an appropriate response, non-regenerative does not
• What does a shift to the left indicate in neutrophil counts?

  Increased immature neutrophils
• What does a shift to the left often indicate?

  Acute inflammation or infection
• What does a shift to the right indicate in neutrophil counts?

  Increased hyper segmented neutrophils
• What conditions are typically associated with a shift to the right?

  Chronic inflammation, aging cells, or steroid use
• What are the implications of shifts in neutrophil counts?

  • Shift to the left:
  • Indicates acute inflammation or infection
  • Associated with increased immature neutrophils (bands)

  
  

  • Shift to the right:
  • Indicates chronic inflammation or aging
  • Associated with increased hyper segmented neutrophils
• What is a compound fracture?

  Bone breaks through the skin
• What characterizes a greenstick fracture?

  Incomplete fracture; bone bends and cracks
• What is acantholysis?

  Loss of cohesion between keratinocytes
• What is alopecia?

  Partial or complete loss of hair
• What is a bulla?

  A large fluid-filled blister
• What is a concussion?

  Temporary loss of consciousness
• What is a contusion?

  Effect of concussion
• What is a coup-contrecoup injury?

  Brain injury at impact site and opposite side
• What is cranium bifidum?

  Presence of CSF in the brain
• What is eburnation?

  Permanent loss of cartilage cap
• What is fibrillation?

  Temporary/partial loss of cartilage
• What does eosinophilia indicate?

  Increased eosinophil count in blood
• What is hidradenitis?

  Inflammation of sweat glands
• What is hydrocephalus?

  Abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid
• What is impetigo?

  Superficial bacterial skin infection
• What is monocytosis?

  Increased monocyte count in blood
• What is osteitis?

  Inflammation of bone tissue
• What is osteomyelitis?

  Inflammation of bone and bone marrow
• What is panniculitis?

  Inflammation of the subcutaneous fat layer
• What is synovitis?

  Inflammation of the synovial membrane
• What is syndactyly?

  Fused digits
• What is osteomalacia?

  Softening of bones due to defective mineralization
• What is rickets?

  Disorder from vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate deficiency
• What is osteopetrosis?

  Bones become overly dense and hard