unit 2 test

• Why are microscope needed to see most cells?

  -electron microscope produce a higher magnification and resolution than light microscope
• Surface Area To Volume

  -the amount of surface area a cell has influences the ability of that cell to move materials in and out (nutrients, waste)

  -small cells grow quicker b/c there's more surface area

  -larger cells will have slower diffusion
• Cell Plasma Membrane


  acts on the boundary between the outside and inside the cell

  -are comprised of a phospholipid bilayer, & proteins
• Characteristics common to all cells

  -they all have DNA in the nucleus

  -a plasma membrane

  -a semifluid interior(cytoplasm) where chemical reactions
• Prokaryotic Cells


  cells do not contain a nucleus, rather the DNA is located in the cytoplasm
• Prokaryotic Cells: Features


  -contain a cell membrane

  -lack a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

  -can use flagella/cilia for movement

  -structurally simple, metabolically diverse

  -domain bacteria and archaea
• Eukaryotic Cells


  contain a membrane bound nucleus and organelles
• Eukaryotic Cells: Features


  -have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

  -may or may not have a cell wall

  -structurally complex

  -animals, plants, fungi, protists
• The role of the nucleus in cellular activities


  contains the genetic information (DNA)
• Ribosomes


  -are the site of protein synthesis

  -are located on the ER and free in the cytoplasm
• Endomembrane System


  transports proteins through the cell
• Components of the Endomembrane System

  -nuclear envelope

  -the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum

  -the golgi apparatus

  -vesicles
• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)


  modifies proteins and synthesizes lipids
• Golgi Apparatus


  modifies and sorts proteins for delivery throughout the cell
• Lysosomes


  breakdown unwanted substances in the cell
• The Endomembrane System DOES NOT make lipids b/c they are a lipid ...
• Vacuoles


  store substances such as nutrients, ions or toxins
• Peroxisomes


  break down fatty acids and perform one of the first steps in producing phospholipids for mylein(a protective nerve coating)
• Energy Role that Chloroplasts play in a cell

  -are the site of photosynthesis

  -carbon dioxide gas, water, and energy from the sun are used to produce carbohydrates by the photosynthesis
• Energy Role that Mitochondria play in a cell

  -are the site of energy production in the cell

  -present in both animal and plant cells
• Cells move using the cytoskeleton & motor protein ...
• Mitochondria make ________ and chloroplasts make ______________

  -ATP

  -CARBS
• Which organelle may be involved in disease that manifests with a set of symptoms & lab results?

  Cystic Fibrosis

  Lungs

  Not absorbing nutrients b/c of enzymes not working
• Energy


  is defined as the capacity to do work
• Potential Energy


  -stored energy (not moving)

  -potential to kinetic energy, loss of heat
• Potential Energy Examples


  -Food

  -organized room
• Kinetic Energy


  involves movement/doing work
• Kinetic Energy Examples


  -unorganized room
• Structure of ATP


  -Adenine (a nitrogenous base)

  -Ribose ( a carbon-sugar)

  -Three phosphate groups
• Function of ATP


  energy source for a cell
• What is ATP used for?

  -used in a reaction that requires energy

  -mechanical work

  -transport work

  -chemical work
• What is ATP used for: Mechanical work

  moving of the flagella of this single-celled green algae(Chalmydomonas)
• What is ATP used for: Transport work

  the active transport of a substance across a membrane from its own area of low to high concentration
• What is ATP used for: Chemical work

  the enzymatic conversion of substrates to a product
• How is ATP generated?

  -contains potential energy

  -energy is released when ATP is broken down into ADP + P
• What is meant by hydrolysis of ATP? Why is it important?

  is the reaction by which chemical energy that has been stored in the high-energy phosphoanhydride bonds in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released, for example in muscles which breaks down ADP
• Entropy


  -relative amount or disorganization/ disorder

  -kinetic energy
• How entropy is related to biological processes?

  -allows us to maintain a constant body temp.

  -hydrogen ions that have accumulated on one side of a membrane tend to move to the other side unless they are prevented from doing so by the addition of energy
• What is lost as a waste product of these reactions?

  heat is lost
• Metabolism


  is al the chemical reactions that occur in a cell during growth and repair