FS 2

• Photography


  Can aid the speedy reconstruction and re-enactment of the crime as well as in the determinants of the perpetrator of the crime
• Allied branches of photography

  • Dactyloscopy
  • Questioned document examination
  • Forensic ballistics
  • Polygraphy
• In the absence of photography is the failure of whatever branches of criminalistics and the criminal investigation itself
• Four main ingredients of photography

  • Light (natural and artificial)
  • Sensitized materials (film and photographic paper)
  • Mechanical (camera and its accessories and enlarger machine or contact printer)
  • Chemicals (developer, stop bath, and fixer)
• In modern scientific crime detection, photography is, indeed, an excellent aid of investigator
• Aside from notes of the investigator, he needs a camera, because there are things which require accurate descriptions of subject or object being investigated, hence photographs will serve the purpose
• Photograph does not lie but only the person behind this
• Modern definition

  An art or science which deals with the reproduction of images through the action of light, upon sensitized materials, with the aid of a camera and its accessories, and the chemical processes involved therein
• Phos

  light
• Graphia

  to write
• All photography was originally monochrome or black and white
• Black and white photography continued to dominate for decades, due to its lower cost and its classic photographic look
• Cyanotype process


  • Produces an image composed of blue tones
• Albumen process


  • Produces an image composed of brown tones
• Literal definition – photography is a derivative of two Greek words phos which means light and graphia meaning to write. In other words, in photography it is possible to write by means of light.
• Chemical photography


  Resist photo manipulation
• Digital imaging


  Highly manipulative medium
• Picture


  Refer to all kinds of form images, it can be a product of photography or not
• Photograph


  Can be a picture and also a picture can be a photograph but not all the picture is a photograph
• Daniel Barbaro (1514-1570)


  • Italian who encouraged the use of camera obscura for artistic endeavor
  • The chamber of the camera obscura was typically a simple box rather than an entire room
• Christian Huygens (1629-1695)


  • Dutch who worked out a mathematical wave theory of light in 1678 and published it in his treatise on light in 1690
  • Proposed that light was emitted in all directions as a series of waves in a medium called Luminiferous ether
• Johann Zahn (1641-1707)


  • Seventeenth century German author of "Oculus Artificialis Teledioptricus Sive Telescopium (Wurzburg, 1685)
  • Considered the most prolific writer and illustrator of the camera obscura
• Isaac Newton (1642-1726)


  • Observed that the spectrum of colors exiting a prism in the position of minimum deviation is oblong, even when the light ray entering the prism is circular
  • Concluded that color is a property intrinsic to light a point which had been debated in prior years
• Johann Heinrich Schulze or Schultz (1687-1744)


  • Best known for his discovery that the darkening in sunlight of various substances mixed with silver nitrate is due to the light, not the heat as other experiments believed
  • Used the phenomenon to temporarily capture shadows
• Joseph Nicephore Niepce (1765-1833)


  • French inventor, most noted as one of the inventors of photography and pioneer in the field
  • Developed his process called "heliography" which literally means "sun writing", a technique used to produce the world's oldest surviving photograph in 1825
  • Experimented with "lithography", which led him in his attempt to take a photograph using a camera obscura
  • Experimented with "silver chloride", which darkens when exposed to light, but eventually looked to bitumen, which he used in his first successful attempt at capturing nature photographically
  • Improved photographic processes with Louis Daguerre, and together they developed the "physautotype", a process that used lavender oil
• Thomas Wedgwood (1771-1805)


  • English pioneer of photography, considered as the first person known to have thought of creating permanent pictures by capturing camera images on material coated with light sensitive chemical
• Humphry Davy (1778-1829)


  • Cornish chemist and inventor, best remembered today for his discoveries of several alkali and alkaline earth metals
  • Experimented with nitric acid and also discovered that prints could be copied, but the camera was too light to generate a favorable result
• Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre (1787-1851)


  • French artist and physicist, recognized for his invention of the "daguerreotype process" of photography
• John Frederick William Herschel (1792-1871)


  • Made improvements in photographic processes, particularly in inventing the cyanotype process
  • Experimented with color reproduction, noting that rays of different parts of the spectrum tended to impart their own color to s photographic paper
• William Henry Fox Talbot (1800-1877)


  • British inventor and photography pioneer who invented the "calotype process", a precursor to photographic processes of the 19th and 20th centuries
  • His work in the 1840s on photo mechanical reproduction led to the creation to the photoglyphic engraving process, the precursor to photogravure
• Louis Desire Blanquart Evrard (1802-1872)


  • French cloth merchant by trade, but in the 1840s became a student of photography
  • Studied the calotype process, and in 1847 became the first person to publish the process in France
  • Developed a method of bathing the paper in solutions of potassium iodide and silver nitrate rather than brushing these chemical baths on the surface
  • In 1850, developed and introduced the "albumen paper printing technique", which became the staple process of the soon to be popular "Carte de Visite"
• Frederick Scott Archer (1813-1857)


  • Invented the photographic "collodion process" which preceded the modern gelatin emulsion
• Richard Leach Maddox (1816-1902)


  • English photographer and physician who invented "light weight gelatin negative plates" for photography in 1871
  • Long before his discovery of the dry gelatin photographic emulsion, Maddox was prominent in what was called "photomicrography" – photographing minute organisms under the microscope
• Thomas Sutton (1819-1875)


  • English photographer, author, and inventor
  • Wrote a number of books on the subject of photography, including the Dictionary of Photography in 1858
  • In 1859, Sutton developed the earliest panoramic camera with a wide-angle lens
  • In 1861, Sutton created the first single lens reflex camera
• James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)


  • Scottish mathematical physicist
  • Contributed to the field of optics and the study of color vision, creating the foundation for practical color photography
• Desire Charles Emanuel Van Monckhoven - Belgian chemist and photographer, one of the foremost photographic scientists of the 19th century


  1834-1882
• Hermann Wilhelm Vogel - German photochemist and photographer, discovered dye sensitization, pivotal contribution to progress of photography


  1834-1898
• Vogel discovered dye sensitization

  1873
• Louis Arthur Ducos Du Hauron - French pioneer of color photography, worked on developing practical processes for color photography


  1837-1920
• Abney developed a dry photographic emulsion


  1874