ESSAY PLANS

• IMPORTANCE OF MOVEMENT IN LIVING ORGANISMS?

  1. Muscle contraction, movement of tropomyosin away from actin, predators
  2. Cardiac cycle, mass flow, atrial/ ventricular systole, diastole, blood, oxygen
  3. Mitosis, metaphase/ anaphase, repair/ replacement
  4. Tropisms, plants, phototropism/gravitropism
  5. Osmoregulation, osmosis, ADH, collecting duct
• IMPORTANCE OF RECEPTORS IN LIVING ORGANISMS?

  1. Synaptic transmission, Na+, depolarisation, threshold value
  2. Chemoreceptors, respiration, heart rate, prevent anaerobic
  3. Osmoreceptors, ADH, maintaining water potential
  4. Immune system, antigen binding sites on antibodies
  5. Oestrogen, DNA activation, transcription factors
• IMPORTANCE OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ORGANISMS AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT?

  1. Pacinian Corpuscles, mechanical pressure, reflex arc
  2. Nitrogen cycle, protein synthesis
  3. Succession, climax community
  4. Fish gas exchange system, countercurrent mechanism, low oxygen concentration, respiration
  5. Epigenetics, chemical tags, DNA methylation/ histone acetylation
• IMPORTANCE OF MEMBRANES IN THE FUNCTIONING OF CELLS?

  1. Phospholipid bilayer, fluid-mosaic, non-polar only, cholesterol, stable shape
  2. Glycoprotein receptors, insulin, muscle/ liver cells, type 2 diabetes
  3. Photosynthesis, thylakoid membrane/ stroma, ATP synthase, ATP
  4. Synapses, calcium ion channels, receptors, action potentials
  5. Osmoreceptors, osmosis, ADH, permeability, urine
• USES AND IMPORTANCE OF ATP IN ORGANISMS?

  1. ATP hydrolase, energy, coupled, translation, peptide bonds, polypeptides
  2. Resting potential, sodium-potassium pump, depolarisation, action potentials
  3. Muscle contraction, power stroke, detach heads
  4. Glucagon, cAMP, ATP, phosphorylation
  5. Active transport, translocation, sucrose to sink
• CYCLES?

  1. Nitrogen cycle, amino acids, proteins, plant growth
  2. Cardiac cycle, blood pressure, oxygen, hormones
  3. Kreb's Cycle, ATP, NAD, FAD, oxidative phosphorylation
  4. Negative feedback, insulin/ glucagon, blood glucose concentration
  5. Cell cycle, mitosis, replacement, growth
• IMPORTANCE OF COMPLEMENTARY SHAPES OF MOLECULES IN ORGANISMS?

  1. T helper cells, antigen binding site, antibodies, agglutination/ marking
  2. Synaptic transmission, sodium ion channels, depolarisation
  3. DNA, mRNA, tRNA, transcription/ translation, proteins
  4. Enzymes, lipase, hydrolysis, respiratory substrates
  5. Oestrogen, transcription factors, gene expression
• IMPORTANCE OF IONS IN METABOLIC PROCESSES?

  1. H+, pH, enzymes, amylase, stomach, glucose, respiration// active loading
  2. Phosphate, ATP, coupled to energy requiring reactions, activation, protein kinase A
  3. Ca (2+), Na+, synaptic transmission, depolarisation
  4. Fe (2+), haemoglobin, oxygen, respiration
  5. NH4+, NO3-, NO2-, protein synthesis
• FUNCTIONS OF ENZYMES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN ORGANISMS?

  1. Tertiary structure, bonding, active site, lipases, hydrolysis, bile salts
  2. Phagocytosis, lysozymes, T helper cells, cytokines
  3. Acetylcholinerase, depolarisation, discrete impulses
  4. Restriction endonucleases, in vivo gene cloning, insulin
  5. DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, semi-conservative replication
• CAUSES AND IMPORTANCE OF VARIATION AND DIVERSITY IN ORGANISMS?

  1. Antigenic variability, vaccinations, herd immunity
  2. Mutations, base sequence, polypeptide sequence, exon, genetic diversity, antibiotic resistance
  3. Meiosis, crossing over, autosomal linkage, independent segregation, new combinations of alleles, natural selection
  4. Speciation, allopatric/ sympatric, disruptive selection, biodiversity, species richness
  5. Mutated proto-oncogenes/ tumour-suppressor genes, tumours, benign/ malignant, survive, reproduce
• THE IMPORTANCE OF DNA AS AN INFORMATION-CARRYING MOLECULE AND ITS USE IN GENE TECHNOLOGIES?

  1. Structure, base sequence, double-stranded, hydrogen bonds
  2. Transcription and translation, proteins, growth
  3. Mutations, change base sequence, different polypeptides, natural selection, antibiotic resistance
  4. DNA methylation, gene expression, cancer
  5. In vivo gene cloning, insulin, diabetes
• IMPORTANCE OF BONDS AND BONDING IN ORGANISMS?

  1. Hydrogen bonding, cohesion-tension theory
  2. Haemoglobin, oxygen, cooperative binding
  3. Mitosis/ meiosis, spindle fibre, centromeres
  4. Glucagon/ insulin, blood glucose concentration, glycoprotein receptors
  5. Oestrogen, transcription factor, gene expression
• IMPORTANCE OF CONTROL OF MOVEMENT IN CELLS AND ORGANISMS?

  1. Mitosis/ meiosis, spindle fibres, chromosomes, cells/ gametes
  2. Translocation, active loading, sucrose to sink
  3. Taxis/ kinesis/ tropism, survive, reproduce
  4. Synaptic transmission, calcium ions, depolarisation
  5. Oestrogen, transcription factor, gene expression
• IMPORTANCE OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN CELLS AND BETWEEN ORGANISMS?

  1. Immune system, antigens, phagocytes, T helper cells, B cells
  2. Neuromuscular junction, muscle contraction, predators
  3. Osmoreceptors, aquaporins, collecting duct, urine
  4. Nitrogen cycle, amino acids, proteins, growth
  5. Speciation, allopatric/ sympatric, evolution, disruptive selection
• IMPORTANCE OF NITROGEN-CONTAINING SUBSTANCES IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS?

  1. DNA, mutations, base sequence, polypeptide sequence
  2. RNA, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, translation
  3. Muscle contraction, tropomyosin/ myosin/ actin
  4. Nitrogen cycle
  5. Peptide hormones, glucagon/ insulin, blood glucose concentration
• IMPORTANCE OF DIFFUSION IN ORGANISMS?

  1. Simple, phospholipid bilayer, non-polar, fatty acids/ glycerol, epithelial cells
  2. Facilitated diffusion, calcium/ sodium ions in synaptic transmission, depolarisation
  3. Osmosis, osmoreceptors, ADH, collecting duct
  4. Tropism, IAA, phototropism/ gravitropism
  5. Photosynthesis, thylakoid membrane/ stroma, ATP synthase, ATP
• PHOSPHORUS-CONTAINING SUBSTANCES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS?

  1. DNA, structure, semi-conservative replication
  2. RNA, HIV replication
  3. ATP, phosphorylation, glycolysis, NAD
  4. cAMP, glucagon/ adrenaline, blood glucose concentration, respiration, survival
  5. Phospholipids, phospholipid bilayer, non-polar, cholesterol, proteins
• MECHANISMS AND IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORT WITHIN ORGANISMS?

  1. Simple diffusion, oestrogen, transcription factors, gene expression
  2. Facilitated diffusion, calcium/ sodium ions, synaptic transmission, depolarisation
  3. Osmosis, osmoreceptors, ADH, collecting duct
  4. Active transport, active loading, translocation
  5. Mass flow, cardiac cycle, oxygen, muscles, simple diffusion, mitochondria, respiration
• IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN LIVING ORGANISMS?

  1. Photolysis, electron transport chain, proton gradient, ATP
  2. Hydrostatic pressure, translocation
  3. Metabolite, hydrolysis, lipid digestion, respiratory substrates
  4. Osmoregulation, ADH, collecting duct, urine
  5. Cooling effect, temperature, enzymes, ATP synthase
• HOW BACTERIA CAN AFFECT THE LIVES OF HUMANS AND OTHER ORGANISMS?

  1. Antigens, toxins, vaccinations, herd immunity
  2. Mutation, antibiotic resistance, natural selection, livestock
  3. Nitrogen cycle (nitrogen-fixing in soil/ root nodules, nitrifying, denitrifying)
  4. Eutrophication, anaerobic bacteria, pollution
  5. Recombinant DNA, in vivo gene cloning, insulin, diabetes
• STRUCTURES RELATING TO FUNCTION?

  1. mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, translation
  2. Cellulose/ starch/ glycogen OR globular/ fibrous proteins
  3. T helper cells, B cells, antibodies
  4. Insulin/ glucagon, blood glucose concentration
  5. Chemoreceptors/ baroreceptors, heart rate
• IMPORTANCE OF PROTEINS IN CONTROL OF PROCESSES AND REPSONSES IN ORGANISMS?

  1. Enzymes, DNA helicase, DNA polymerase, semi-conservative replication
  2. Haemoglobin, Bohr effect, respiration
  3. Carrier proteins, resting potential, axon, depolarisation
  4. Peptide hormones, ADH/ insulin/ glucagon
  5. Antibodies, immune response, monoclonal antibody therapy (direct/ indirect)
• IMPORTANCE OF HYDROGEN BONDS IN LIVING ORGANISMS?

  1. DNA, semi-conservative replication, mRNA, tRNA
  2. Enzymes, acetylcholinerase, synaptic transmission, action potentials
  3. Transpiration, cohesion-tension, hydrostatic pressure
  4. Restriction endonucleases, sticky ends, in vivo gene cloning, insulin
  5. Fibrils, cellulose, stability, rigidity/ collagen, tensile strength