Chapter 12

• Zollverein: the customs union of German states in the 19th century.
• Realpolitik: a system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations
• Ausgleich: A constitutional compromise between Hungary and the Austrian empire following the defeat of Austria in Italy and Germany.
• Zemstvos: elected local councils that had the power to collect taxes and make laws
• Mir: a village community in czarist Russia in which land was owned jointly but cultivated by individual families.
• Populism: a political approach that strives to appeal to ordinary people who feel that their concerns are disregarded by established elite groups
• Joint-Stock Investment banks: Provide a wide range of financial services to corporations and governments.
• Proletariat: working-class people regarded collectively (often used with reference to Marxism)
• Materialism: a tendency to consider material possessions and physical comfort as more important than spiritual values
• Natural Selection: The process by which individuals with traits that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce more than individuals with traits that are less suited
• Organic Evolution: The theory that all living things are related and evolved from earlier forms.
• Pasteurization: the partial sterilization of a product, such as milk or wine, to make it safe for consumption and improve its keeping quality
• Realism: the attitude or practice of accepting a situation as it is and being prepared to deal with it accordingly
• Cavour: "The Italian people are prepared to sacrifice everything for their freedom
• Bismarck: German Empire was created in 1871.
• Utopia: A place where everything is perfect and there are no problems.