language

• Bernstein (1973) - argued that there were two types of speech codes; restricted code and elaborated code
• the way in which parents communicate with the children affects their intellectual development and achievement in school
• w/c - restricted code

  • limited vocab, simple sentences
• m/c - elaborated code

  • wider vocab
  • complex sentences
• elaborated code used by teachers, textbooks and exams - disadvantages w/c kids = less likely to succeed