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cognitive interview
social explanation
personality explanation
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psychology a level edexcel criminal > jury decision > EWT > biological treatment > CBT > psychological formulation > ethical interview > cognitive interview > social explanation > personality explanation
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Personality
A set of
characteristics
that determine what we are like
Personality theories
Some believe personality is a
temperament
(the nature someone is born with), which has a
biological
basis
These theories can explain how some personalities are associated with being a
criminal
, while others are not
Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI)
A
questionnaire
devised by Eysenck to measure each personality trait
Measures the specific traits of
extraversion
,
introversion
,
neuroticism
and
psychoticism
and gives them a PEN score
The EPI is a
self-report
questionnaire
, so it has issues like
social desirability bias
and uses
closed
questions
Eysenck
(
1964
)
Studied different personality traits and suggested that certain characteristics could be more prone to criminality
According to Eysenck, the typical criminal personality is an
extravert-neurotic
Extraversion/Introversion
Two extreme ends of one dimension of personality
Extraversion is being
outgoing
and
sociable
, introversion is being
reserved
and
quiet
Eysenck's PEN Theory of Personality
Extroversion is based on the level of
stimulation
we need, caused by the
Ascending
Reticular
Activating
System
(
ARAS
)
Neuroticism is based on the
Autonomic Nervous
System
(
ANS
) and our ability to respond to
stress
Psychoticism is seen in individuals who are
self-centred
,
cold
and lack
empathy
for other people
Eysenck Personality Inventory (
EPI
)
A questionnaire which places respondents along E, N and P dimensions to determine personality type
Criminals tended to have
higher
PEN scores
High E score on the EPI
Believed to have a nervous system with
low
arousal level, so they seek
external
stimulation
to raise their biological arousal level
Low E score on the EPI
Believed to have a nervous system with
high
arousal, so they
avoid
thrill and excitement to dampen their biological arousal level
High N score on the EPI
Believed to have a nervous system that responds very
quickly
under stressful conditions, tending to
overreact
quickly
Low N score on the EPI
Believed to have an
unreactive
nervous system, meaning they are
calm
under stressful conditions
High P score on the EPI
Means a person is
cold
, lacks
compassion
and can be
antisocial
Most people have
moderate
PEN scores, meaning they score moderately on psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism
High PEN scores
Relatively
uncommon
and have been used to explain criminality
Socialisation process
As we grow up, we are
punished
for antisocial behaviour and learn to
associate
it with
anxiety
of being punished
People with high PEN scores see antisocial behaviour as
exciting
and do not consider other people's feelings, so punishment is less
effective
Eysenck's theory takes an
interactionist
approach, acknowledging
biological
,
psychological
and
social
factors in explaining criminal behaviour
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