kidneys

• label the urinary system

  A) adrenal gland

  B) renal hilum

  C) kidney

  D) ureter

  E) urinary bladder

  F) urethra

  
• Kidney is retroperitoneal

  in superior lumbar region between T 12 + L 5
• Left kidney is higher than right kidney because the right is crowded by the liver
• Renal Fascia

  attaches outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
• Perirenal fat capsule

  fatty cushion
• fibrous capsule 


  prevents spread infection to kidney
• regions of the kidneys

  A) cortex

  B) medulla

  C) major

  D) papilla

  E) pelvis

  F) minor

  G) ureter

  H) pryamid

  I) renal

  J) fibrous capsule

  
• Cortex of the kidneys houses majority of the nephron structures
• Medulla is formed of collecting ducts
• fibrous membrane surrounding the kidney

  fibrous capsule
• basin area that is continuous with the ureter

  renal pelvis
• cup-like extension of the pelvis that drains the apex of a pryamid

  calcyx
• area of cortex-like tissue running through the medulla and separate renal pryamid

  renal column
• tip of the pyramid

  papilla
• renal pyramid → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis →ureters
• Renal arteries deliver about one-fourth of cardiac output to kidneys each minute
• Arterial blood flow renal artery → segmental →interlobar → arcuate → cortical radiate
• venous flow: cortical radiate → accurate →interlobar → renal veins
• Nerve supply

  sympathetic fibers from renal plexus
• Structural units in the kidneys that form urine

  nephrons
• glomerulus


  is a little ball full of fenestrated capillaries that helps form filtrate
• glomerular capsule 


  collects all of the filtrate and stuff being formed
• parietal layer of the capsule is made of

  simple squamous epithelium
• visceral layer of the capsule is made of

  epithelial podocytes
• podocytes have filtration slits which 


  allow the filtrate to pass inside
• pressure in the glomerulus must always be high so things re alwys being pushed out
• Label label label

  A) proximal

  B) distal convoluted

  C) cortex

  D) medulla

  E) collecting duct

  F) nephron loop

  
• Macula densa


  chemoreceptors that detect the amount of NaCl in filtrate
• Granular cells

  sense blood pressure in the afferent arterioles
• what cell secrets renin?

  granular
• cells that are packed tightly on the ascending limbs 


  mascula densa
• enlarged smooth muscle cells on the arterioles

  granular cells
• Extraglomerular mesangial cells

  communication between the macula densa and granular cells
• cells that are interconnected with gap junctions

  Extraglomerular mesangial cells
• Dense microvilli, large mitochondria, formed of cuboidal cells

  proximal convoluted tubule
• made up of simple epithelium cells and is part of nephron loop

  descending limb
• made of cuboidal or columnar cells and part of nephron loop

  ascending limb
• cuboidal cells, few microvilli, more secretion than reabsorption

  distal convoluted tubule
• little microvilli, large diameter

  collecting ducts
• cuboidal cells, few microvilli, function in secretions rather than reabsorption

  distal convoluted tubule