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• Economically, it also refers to the unprecedented scope, shape, number, and complexity of business relationship conducted across international boundaries. The phenomenon of globalization according to Stoner et al (1995), as cited by Abelos, et al. (2006, pp. 78-81) consists of three interrelated factors --- proximity, location, and attitude. Taken together, these three facets of globalization emphasize the unprecedented lineup and complexity of relationship that confront the contemporary society.
• Location - Globalization has made it possible for businesses to operate from anywhere in the world. Companies can take advantage of lower labor costs in developing countries while still serving customers in developed countries. This trend is known as offshoring.
• Proximity - Globalization has brought the world closer than ever before. This means that countries are now more closely connected through trade, investment, travel, communication, and migration. As a result, there is greater awareness of what happens beyond national borders.
• Attitude - Globalization has led to changes in attitudes towards work, culture, and social norms. People are becoming more open to different cultures and ways of doing things. This is reflected in the increasing popularity of multiculturalism and the rise of global brands like McDonald's and Starbucks.
• Generally, the view on globalization is taken primarily as an economic process. It is usually related to global management and market integration. In the context of economics, it is defined as the recognition by organizations that business must have a global, not local focus. It refers to a new perspective, or attitude, about relationships with other people in other nations.
• Globalization is often seen as a positive force because it promotes free trade, reduces poverty, increases wealth, and fosters cultural exchange. However, some argue that it leads to inequality, exploitation, environmental degradation, and loss of identity.
• The concept of globalization is complex and multi-faceted. While it may be viewed positively by some, others see negative consequences such as increased inequality, exploitation, environmental degradation, and loss of identity.
• To emphasize this new spirit of closer ties and the insignificance of miles in today's global world, organizations should treat all clients as "equidistant" from their organizations
• Proximity


  • Organizations now operate in much closer proximity than ever before to a greater number and range of customers, competitors, suppliers, and government regulators
  • Partly a matter of time, as today's telecommunications technology allows people around the world to share voice, video, and facsimile information in minutes
  • Increasing technological and managerial capabilities of people around the globe are another aspect of proximity.
• Proximity


  Managers find themselves competing or even collaborating with a new cast of global players
• Example of proximity


  • Honda moved nearly 60 American specialists to Japan for several years to work with their Japanese counterparts on design for the 1994 Honda Accord
• To emphasize this new spirit of closer ties and the insignificance of miles in today's global world, organizations should treat all clients as "equidistant" from their organizations
• The term shrinking world, or often referred to as time space compression, suggests that this rapid rate of globalization has made the world feel smaller, that we are more connected to people on the other side of the world than ever before.
• Second, the location and integration of an organization's operations across several international boundaries as part of globalization. For example, Nokia cellular phones are designed and manufactured in Finland and sold worldwide to customers who use the equipment to connect with anyone.
• Toyota, Nissan, and Honda operate auto assembly plants in the United States Samsung and LG are products of South Korea and both have worldwide distribution centers. This new organizational scheme is termed transnational management describe this growing practice of spreading an organization's operations across many nations (Barlett and Ghoshal, 1995 as cited by Abelos et al, 2006, p.79).
• Third, globalization refers to a new, open attitude about practicing management internationally. This attitude combines a curiosity about the world outside one's national borders with a willingness to develop the capabilities for participating in the global economy. Ohmae (1990) as cited by Abelos, et al., (2006) makes this point clear in the simple statement, "Nothing is 'overseas anymore.
• In the academe under the new General Education Curriculum, the best scholarly definition of globalization is provided by Manfred Steger (2014, p. 184). He described globalization as "the expansion and intensification of social relations and consciousness across world-time and across world-space”.
• The first key word expansion may refer to the creation of the international marketplace including the international cultural environment where education, social institutions, material elements are connected and occur at different levels. We can see these through non-governmental organizations, international organizations such as those involved in global warming and "Save the Earth" movements. On the other hand, intensification refers to the expansion,stretching and acceleration of the networks of the former (Claudio,2018, p. 8).
• For example, the impact of international trade and investment in one country to another and the foreign policy responses to trade problems have intensified trade relations between and among countries in the world. When it is accelerated, then there is an export and import promotion efforts among the global players.
• In another view, globalization is defined as the process through which an increasingly flow of ideas, people, goods and services, technology and capital leads to the integration of economics and societies at a speed unprecedented in effect and outcomes (as cited by Danug & Campanilla, 2004, p. 81
• The above definition is somewhat political and economic in nature. Anthropologist Arjun Appadurai (1996) argues that there are multiple globalizations and it depends on what is being globalized. It could be an idea, material and nonmaterial culture.
• The globalization system which is aptly called the digital age has something to do with the context, character, content, and conduct of power shaped up with the changing configuration of power of the individuals, group of individuals, associations, corporations, institutions, and the nation-state (Danug &Campanilla, p. 83).