L1

• Movere

  Latin word for motivation
• MOTIVATION

  • Internal process that moves/energizes you to fulfill various goals

  • A process that influences one to take action/accomplish a goal

  • Motivated employees=high performance and productivity

  • Managers can use motivational tools to encourage their teams
• THEORIES OF MOTIVATION

  • Motivation is the energy that pushes us to work hard regardless of adversity
• 2 Theories of Motivation

  • Content Theories

  • Process Theories
• THEORIES OF MOTIVATION: 4 CONTENT THEORIES

  • Herzberg’s Motivation-Hygiene Theory

  • Alderfer’s ERG Theory

  • Maslow’s Need Hierarchy

  • McClelland’s Needs Theory
• THEORIES OF MOTIVATION/CONTENT THEORIES: HERZBERG’S MOTIVATION-HYGIENE THEORY

  • Frederick Herzberg

  • Studies the satisfiers and dissatisfiers to motivate man to grow & develop
• HERZBERG’S MOTIVATION-HYGIENE THEORY: Dissatisfiers

  • Environment

  • Company Policies & Administration

  • Supervision

  • Working Condition

  • Interpersonal Relations

  • Money, Status & Security
• HERZBERG’S MOTIVATION-HYGIENE THEORY: Satisfiers

  • What people do-the task

  • Achievement

  • Recognition

  • Interest

  • Responsibility

  • Growth & Advancement
• HERZBERG’S MOTIVATION-HYGIENE THEORY: Dissatisfiers

  • Environment

  • Company Policies & Administration

  • Supervision

  • Working Condition

  • Interpersonal Relations

  • Money, Status & Security
• HERZBERG’S MOTIVATION-HYGIENE THEORY: Satisfiers

  • What people do-the task

  • Achievement

  • Recognition

  • Interest

  • Responsibility

  • Growth & Advancement
• THEORIES OF MOTIVATION/CONTENT THEORIES: ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY

  • Clayton P. Alderfer
  • Theory from 1969
  • Condenses Maslow’s five human needs into three categories:
  • Existence
  • Relatedness
  • Growth
• ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY: Existence

  • The need for basic material existence, like psychological health & safety
• ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY: Relatedness

  • The need for interpersonal connections, social status & recognition
• ALDERFER’S ERG THEORY: Growth

  • The need for personal development, including creative & meaningful work
• THEORIES OF MOTIVATION/CONTENT THEORIES: MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY

  • Abraham Maslow

  • Proposed theory in 1943 on his paper “A Theory of Human Motivation”
• MASLOW’S NEED HIERARCHY:

  • 1.1 Physiological Needs

  • 1.2 Safety Need

  • 1.3 Belongingness & Love Needs

  • 1.4 Esteem Needs

  • 1.5 Self-actualization
• THEORIES OF MOTIVATION/CONTENT THEORIES: MCCLELLAND’S NEEDS THEORY

  • David McClelland

  • Also known as Three-Need Theory/Learned Need Theory

  • Says that an individ’s specific needs are acquired over time & are shaped by one’s life experiences.

  • Acc. we tend to have one of these needs like achievement, affiliation and power affect us more powerfully than the others and thus affect our behaviors.
• Three-Need Theory or Learned Need Theory

  • Other name for McClelland's Needs Thgeory
• THEORIES OF MOTIVATION: 4 PROCESS THEORIES

  • Goal Setting Theory

  • Reinforcement Theory

  • Adams Equity Theory

  • Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
• THEORIES OF MOTIVATION/PROCESS THEORIES: GOAL SETTING THEORY

  • Edwin Locke

  • Put forward on Goal-setting theory of motivation on 1960’s

  • Goals indicate & give direction to an EM abt what needs to be done & how much efforts are required to be put in

  • Says that goal setting is essentially linked to task performance

  • States that specific challenging goals along with appropriate feedback contribute to higher and better task performance.
• THEORIES OF MOTIVATION/PROCESS THEORIES: REINFORCEMENT THEORY

  • Burrhus Frederick Skinner

  • Focuses totally on what happens when one takes some action.

  • Overlooks the internal state of individual, i.e., the inner feelings & drives of individs are ignored by Skinner

  • Says the external envi of the orgs must be designed effectively & positively to motivate the EM
• THEORIES OF MOTIVATION/PROCESS THEORIES: REINFORCEMENT THEORY

  • • This theory is a strong tool for analyzing controlling mechanism for an individ‘s behavior.
  • • However, it does not focus on the causes of individuals behavior
  • • Thus the manager uses the methods of controlling the behavior of the employees
  • Positive Reinforcement
  • Negative Reinforcement
  • Punishment
  • Extinction
• Methods of Reinforcement Theory

  • Positive Reinforcement

  • Negative Reinforcement

  • Punishment

  • Extinction
• THEORIES OF MOTIVATION/PROCESS THEORIES: ADAMS EQUITY THEORY

  • John Stacey Adams

  • Aims for a fair balance bet. an EM’s inputs and an EM’s outputs

  • Theory is built on the belief that Ems become de-motivated, both in relations to their job & employer, if they feel theur inputs are greater than their outputs
• THEORIES OF MOTIVATION/PROCESS THEORY: ADAMS EQUITY THEORY

  • EM can be expected to respond in different ways:
  • Demotivation
  • Generally to the extent the EMs perceive the disparity bet the inputs & the outputs exist
  • Reduced Effort
  • Becoming Disgruntled
  • Extreme Cases:
  • Disruptive
• THEORIES OF MOTIVATION/PROCESS THEORY: VROOM'S EXPECTANCY THEORY

  • Victor Vroom
  • Theory assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and to minimize pain.
  • He states that effort, performance, & motivation are linked in a person’s motivation
• VROOM’S EXPECTANCY THEORY

  Variables of Motivation

  • Expectancy
  • Instrumentality
  • Valence
• THEORIES OF MOTIVATION/PROCESS THEORIES: VROOM'S EXPECTANCY THEORY

  • Vroom realized that an employee‘s performance is based on individual factors such as:
  • Personality
  • Skills
  • Knowledge
  • Experience
  • Abilities
• TYPES OF MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES: ASK FOR EMPLOYEE INPUTS

  • Regularly survey EM their satisfaction.
  • Anonymous polls to show EM that you care abt their opinions & input
  • Ask suggestions to improve working conditions
  • Take action after getting results to show you value them
  • Taking action shows loyalty to them making them loyal to you, thus motivating them
• TYPES OF MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES: OFFER PERSONAL ENRICHMENT PROGRAMS

  • Done to improve EM skills
  • This allows one to promote easily from within
  • Makes way for professional devt.
  • Personal enrichment programs:
  • Send them to EM workshops & seminars
  • Tuition reimbursement
• TYPES OF MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES: VALIDATE GOOD WORK

  • Inspires efforts through validation of EM’s work
  • Do this by giving specific examples of the things they did that benefitted the team/comp/org
  • Shows appreciation through:
  • In-person compliments
  • Expressions of gratitude
• TYPES OF MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES: SET INTERMITTENT GOALS

  • Smaller & measurable goals helps ones motivation

  • Setting reasonable & achievable goals can help Ems motivated & encouraged specially when hitting milestones
• TYPES OF MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES: CELEBRATE MILESTONE & ACHIEVEMENTS

  • Celebrating milestones in a long-term proj motivates everyone to work & focused on the long-term goal
  • Gratitude & validation are important to celebrate milestones
  • Tangible Rewards also help in motivating EMs
  • Financial bonuses
  • Lunch party
  • Time off
  • Gift certificates
• TYPES OF MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES: RADIATE POSITIVITY

  • Create positive work culture to maintain EM motivation
  • Radiate positivity -> positive work culture
  • Happiness can boost workplace productivity
  • Do this through:
  • Playing music
  • Joking around
  • Playing games
  • Laughing & having fun
• TYPES OF MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES: CREATE A MENTORSHIP PROGRAM

  • Good mentors can encourage, advice, and understand EM’s trials & successes
  • Make mentorship programs where experienced EMs guide less experienced ones
  • Guides their career
  • Advices
  • Daily encouragement
• TYPES OF MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES: CREATE COMFORTABLE & INSPIRING WORKPLACE

  • Est an office envi that’s comfortable & inspirational
  • Do this through
  • Coloring the walls
  • Putting up motivational posters
  • In cubicles, make EM’s to decorate their space
  • Keep office clean because mess = chaotic
• TYPES OF MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES: PRACTICE MINDFULNESS

  • Encourage EM to de-stress & take breaks during workdays
  • Taking a moments of quiet = motivation to meet deadline
  • Methods:
  • Brief walk outside
  • Trip to a nearby coffee shop
  • Offer yoga/meditation classes during lunch
• TYPES OF MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES: SHARE PROFITS TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE

  • Can improve perf & reduce turnover

  • Profit-sharing programs makes EM realize that they have a stake in the financial success of the org.

  • Gives EM a sense of pride in their accomplishments through their increased earnings.
• TYPES OF MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES: TAKE BENEFITS TO THE NEXT LEVEL

  • These benefits boosts health, motivation, and encourages people to stay with your company longer
  • Add more benefits aside from usual benefits
  • Game rooms to de-stress
  • Snack bars
  • Work-from-home day each week/month
• TYPES OF MOTIVATIONAL TECHNIQUES: OFFER AN INCENTIVE PROGRAM

  • Incentive programs rewards EM for working hard
  • IP is separate from milestone celebrations
  • Doesn’t have to be connected to performance
  • Implement non-financial incentives:
  • Extra vacation days
  • Compressed work week
  • Choice of parking spots