structure

• Monotrichous


  Located in one pole of the bacteria

  Example: Vibrio

  
• Lophotrichous


  Multiple flagella coming from one polar end of bacteria

  Example: Pseudomonas

  
• Amphitrichous


  Flagella on both ends of the bacteria

  
• Peritrichous


  o Flagella on the entire surface area of bacteria

  Example: E. coli

  
• Fimbriae


  is shorter and thinner in comparison to pilus

  
• Fimbriae


  Larger number of fimbriae spread around the surface area of bacteria

  
• Fimbriae


  is formed from bacterial chromosome

  
• Fimbriae


  o Can be found in both gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria

  
• Pilus


  Pilus is longer and thicker in comparison to fimbrae

  
• Pilus


  o Lower number of pili spread around the surface area of bacteria

  
• Pilus


  is formed from plasmid

  
• Pilus


  Can be found more in gram-negative bacteria
• Pilus and fambriae

  differences

  A) shorter and thinner

  B) longer and thicker

  C) bacterial chromosome

  D) plasmid

  E) positive

  F) negetive

  G) conjuction

  
• BACTERIAL CONJUGATION


  Bacteria can become resistant to certain type of drugs (antibiotics) Bacteria has plasmid, may have genes transcribed that can produce enzyme that break down antibiotics o Example: 𝛽𝛽-lactamase that breaks down penicillin
• Mechanism

  1. The bacteria that make pilus → F+ bacteria (Fertility +)
  2. This plasmid will get transcribed, translated, make protein, and make pilus o It also replicates and make another plasmid
  3. The goal is to pass that plasmid to another bacteria through pilus
  4. Pilus is like a little tunnel from bacteria to bacteria It passes genetic material to one another
  5. Pilus is going to attach from one bacterium to another
  6. F- bacteria is a Bacteria without plasmid
  7. With pilus, the plasmid can be passed to the other bacteria (F- bacteria)
  8. Result: Both F+ bacteria
• 1. The bacteria that make pilus → F+ bacteria (Fertility +)
  2. This plasmid will get transcribed, translated, make protein, and make pilus o It also replicates and make another plasmid
  3. The goal is to pass that plasmid to another bacteria through pilus
  4. Pilus is like a little tunnel from bacteria to bacteria It passes genetic material to one another
  5. Pilus is going to attach from one bacterium to another
  6. F- bacteria is a Bacteria without plasmid
  7. With pilus, the plasmid can be passed to the other bacteria (F- bacteria)
  8. Result: Both F+ bacteria

  
• Plasmid has 𝛽𝛽-lactamase gene


  Breaks down the beta-lactam ring of the penicillin
• Capsule


  Organized polysaccharide network

  
• capsule

  Ability to promote infection

  Invade the immune system

  
• capsule

  Decrease phagocytosis efficacy by white blood cells

  • Macrophage

  • Leukocytes

  
• Slime


  Loose polysaccharide network

  
• Slime Function

  Allow adherence to cell surface

  Adhere to foreign substances/molecules

  
• OUTER MEMBRANE

  Made of phospholipid bilayer
• OUTER MEMBRANE

  Outer membrane is ONLY present in gram-negative bacteria
• Endotoxin

  Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

  A) endotoxins

  
• Porin


  Allow of transport the molecules, drugs in and out from the bacterial cells

  A) porin

  
• Lipid A


  It can stimulate macrophage to release IL-1, IL-6, TNF-𝜶𝜶

  1. Fever
  2. Inflammatory
  3. Blood leak
  4. Damage to endothelium
  5. Vasodilation
  6. Hypotension

  
• Periplasm


  Space between outer membrane and inner membrane

  
•  Outer membrane only present in

  gram negative bacteria
• Inner membrane present in

  both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
• Inner membrane structure

  Phospholipid bilayer

  Porins

  Enzymes

  Involved in oxidative metabolism  DNA replication