global religion (b5)
Cards (25)
- characteristics of fundamentalism- An authoritative sacred text-> text as inerrant & closed to questioning- An 'us and them' mentality-> fundamentalists separate themselves from others & refuse to compromise-> as DAVIE claims, F claim that their beliefs are separate to the chaos of liberal soc etc- Aggressive reaction-> aim to draw attention to their beliefs -> reactions to threat are violent- Use of modern technology-> despite rejecting mod soc, they use tech to spread message- Patriarchy-> HAWLEY notes that fund. favour a world where a woman's rights are fixed by divine decree- Prophecy-> proclaim relevance of biblical etc prophesies to contemporary events eg judgement day- Conspiracy theories-> often heavily involved in CT-> idea that there are elites corrupting society (often v antisemitic tho)
- DAVIE- Fundamentalism occurs when the traditional values and beliefs are threatened by modernity and they feel the need to defend themselves against it
- GIDDENS- similar to davie-> argues fundamentalism is a product of glob. which undermines trad social norms concerning the NF, gender, sexuality etc-> in a late modern soc, individuals are faced w/ risk, uncertainty that fundamentalism 'solves
- GIDDENS (cosmopolitanism)- contrasts fund. w/ cosmo.-> C = a way of thinking that embraces modernity and an evolving world-> C = tolerant of views of others & open to new ideas (reflexivity)-> rationality used to justify things instead of the sacred-> lifestyle seen as a personal choice-> cosmo religion & spirituality emphasises personal growth etc instead of submission to an authority
- BAUMAN- sees F as a response to a PM world-> PM = freedom of choice, risk & an undermining of traditionalism-> as a result, some embrace new 'freedom' of a PM world, but some are attracted to fundamentalism bc of its claims of certainty
- CASTELLS- distinguishes between 2 types of response to PM1) RESISTANCE IDENTITY: a defensive reaction to those who feel threatened and retreat to fundamentalist communitites2) PROJECT IDENTITY: the response to those who are forward looking and engage w/ social movements such as feminism etc
- BECKFORD- CRIT GIDDENS, BAUMAN & CASTELLS-> they distinguish too much between cosmo & fundamentalism, ignoring 'hybrid' movements-> GIDDENS lumps all fundamentalists into one group-> GIDDENS description of fundamentalism as a defensive reaction ignored the fact that reinventing tradition is also reflexivity
- HAYNES- argues we should not focus narrowly on the idea that islamic fund. is a reaction against glob.-> eg conflicts in middle east = caused by elites & their failures
- BRUCE & eval- regards fundamentalism as a result of ONLY monotheistic religions-> says it is bc of the notion that god is singular & authoritative-> by contrast, polytheistic religions lack an all powerful God so there is more scope for interpretation-> there is evidence of polytheistic fund. eg hindutvans who place strong emphasis on being 'anti-western', speaking, reading & writing in only sanskrit etc
- BRUCE (east vs west)- while all fund. movements share characteristics, they have diff origins- THE WEST: fund. is most often a reaction to social change, esp with diversity and choice in a secular modern age-> eg NCR in USA has developed an opposition to family diversity in order to restore 'true religion'- THE EAST: fund is a reaction to change being thrust upon societu from outside, as in the case of an islamic rev. in iran-> triggered by modernisation & glob; western values imposed by foreign capitalism
- DAVIE (secular fundamentalism)- recent decades have seen the emergence of secular forms of fund.-> she distinguishes btwn two phases of modernity:1) giving rise to RELIGIOUS fundamentalism:-> from enlightenment in 18th century - 1960's-> enlightenment holds secular belief in the certainty of progress based on science etc->> this dominated European thought and helped to secularize all aspects of social life->>>> as a result, religious fundamentalism became a reaction to this secular process2) giving rise to SECULAR fundamentalism:-> since 70s, optimism of enlightenment came under attack; growing mood of pessimism & risk caused this->> led to a loss of faith in the major secular enlightenment ideologies like liberalism & rationalization (west) and marxism (east) whose claims to truth and progress = undermined->> AS A RESULT, secular ideologies and religious ideologies are struggling for survival & as with religion when it came under attack, sec ideologies (nationalism etc) -> fund.->> eg fall of communist yugoslavia in 1990s -> secular nationalist fundamentalism -> ethnic cleansing
- eg of religious challenges to liberal secular values? & what does ANSELL CLAIM- france 2005 banning pupils from wearing religious symbols in school->> religious threat to secular ideology ->> adoption of fundamentalist attitudes (us and them etc)-> ANSEL sees this as cultural racism that uses 'liberal language' of universal equality-> sees it as a way of preserving cultural identity & 'our' way of life
- egs of religion being at the center of conflicts- 9/11 caused by islamic fund.- crusades btwn christians & muslims- oppression of catholics during prot rule (henry 8th) and so on
- HUNTINGTON (civilisation divides)- claims that conflicts caused by religion are product of the fall of communism and a 'clash of civilizations'-> glob = civilisations interacting more -> conflict-> puts islam at the center of a lot of these-> identifies 7 civilisations: western, islamic, latin american, confucian, japanese, hindu & slavic- orthodox->> most civil. are larger than a single nation - each has a common cultural backgrounds and histroy and identifies w major religions->> in glob. world, religious diffs between civil. = major cause of conflict - civilisations have different WV -> clash->> claims religious groups create hostility (us and them mentality) with increased comp between civil. for economic power->> sees religous conflicts as harder to resolve than political bc of how deep rooted they are
- JACKSON- HUNTINGTON EVAL-> claims hes an orientalist
- CASANOVA- HUNTINGTON EVAL-> ignores important religious divisions btwn the civil. eg sunni muslims vs shi'a muslims
- HORRIE & CHIPPINDALE- HUNTINGTON EVAL-> his theory is a grossly misleading neo conservative ideology that portrays the whole of islam as an enemy
- INGLEHART & NORRIS- the true clash of civil. - huntington eval-> hunt. claims that the muslim world = anti democratic & thats why theres clashes->> I&N claim that its ac diffs on gender, sexuality, liberal ideas etc that cause the clashes
- BRUCE- cultural defense & its links to glob-> POLAND: russion SU supressed catholic church-> led to rioting, rallying to form the free trade union movement and liberation of cath church->>> imperialism -> conflict- IRAN: pro western regime (Shah of Iran) installed by western powers-> banned veil, replaced muslim calendar->> was then a revolution in 1979 -> led to creation of islamic republic->> HAYNES: was unusual bc was ran by muslim leaders (the rev)->> imperialism
- NANDA- explored glob in india-> rapid economic growth brought rising prosperity to indias MC-> examines the role of hinduism in legitmising both the rise of a new hindu 'ultra- nationalism' & the wealth of the mc->> despite econ growth ( sec theory claims -> secu) hindus becoming more religious (30% said they had grown more religious)-> can reject poverty & ex. security theory for religiosity & westernisation etc->> NANDA argues that increasing religiousity is due to mixed feelings abt their new wealth-> Hinduism = ascetic so guilt felt-> to combat this they invest wealth into religious rituals etc & hinduism has been modernised to an extent to allow it->> modern hinsuism therefore legitimises the position of the mc and allows them to adjust to a global consumer capitalist soc
- NANDA (nationalism)- also examines the role of hindusim inn legitimising a triumphant version of indian nationalism-> notes indias success in the global market is increasingly attributed to the superiority of 'hindu values'->> promoted by politicians etc that claim that hinduism is the essence of indian identity->> results in ULTRA NATIONALISM which means that the worship of hindu gods etc in turn means worshiping india->> hinduism as a civil religion->> notes that this is creating a wide gulf between hindu & non-hindu majorities
- REDDING- success of capitalism in east asia has led some sociologists to argue religon has played a role (like calvinism)->> REDDING claims that the 'post confucian' values of working hard, self discipline, frugality etc -> capitalism->> similar to protestant ethic
- BERGER (pentecolstalism..)- Pentecostalism in latin america acts as a 'functional equivalent' to W protestant ethic-> LA P embrace work ethic like calvinists & is also ascetic->> strong affinity w modern capitalism->> in Chile & Brazil there is now a prospering Pentecostal MC leading cap devel.->> HOWEVER, notes religious ideas alone are not enough - resources also needed->> while Pentecostalism is growing in northern brazil, it lacks resources - south however has both & is prospering
- LEHMANN- in last 5 centuries, religion has globalised itself by expanding out of Europe-> LEHMANN distinguishes between two phases in this expansion:1) in the first phase, Christianity accompanied colonisation and was imposed on indigenous populations by conquest2) 2nd phase has spread bc it gained a popular following eg by 2015 there were 25 pentacostalists living in Brazil alone
- what does LEHMANN attribute the success of Pentacostalism as a global religion to?- its ability to incorporate local beliefs-> although it preaches similar message worldwide, it uses images and symbolism drawn from local culture->> by doing so, P validates local trad beliefs while at the same time claiming to give believers access to a greater power (christian holy spirit)->> in this way, P creates new local religious forms rather than replacing old local beliefs->>> in africa -> africanisation of Christianity rather than the total disappearance of indigenous religions