General knowledge

• Weathering is the breaking down of material in situ
• the three types of weathering are biological, chemical or freeze-thaw
• biological weathering is caused by plants and animals
• biological weathering is when rocks are broken down by plant roots or burrowing animals
• chemical weathering is the breaking down of rocks caused by a chemical change within that rock, this is caused by salt water or acid rain
• freeze-thaw weathering is cased by water entering cracks in a rock, freezing, expanding and breaking rocks apart
• the physical geography of the UK is caused by geological, fluvial, glacial or tectonic processes
• geological processes are rocks
• fluvial is water
• glacial is ice
• tectonic os earthquakes and volcanoes
• The UK is made of upland and lowland areas
• Upland areas are found in the north and west, particularly in Scotland, Wales and north england
• lowland areas are in the south of the UK and are found in norfolk and south of the imaginary line between Flamborough head and the bristol channel
• glaciers are large masses of ice that move slowly downhill
• upland regions of the UK like Snowdonia and the lake district used to be covered by glaciers explaining the U-shaped valleys and rocky geology
• Igneous rocks are hard rocks formed by cooled magma that solidifies
• igneous rocks are intrusive and form underground or are extrusive and form above ground
• examples of igneous rocks are granite and basalt
• Metamorphic rock are soft rocks that have been put under intense heat and pressure
• examples of metamorphic rocks are marble from limestone, slate from clay and schist from shale
• sedimentary rock is formed from sediment settled at the bottom of a lake, sea or ocean, compressed for millions of years
• sedimentary rocks are softer, foliated and tend to create fossils
• examples of sedimentary rocks are limestone, chalk, sandstone, shale, and mudstone
• erosion is the wearing away of material
• the types of erosion are abrasion, attrition, traction and hydraulic action
• transportation is the movement of material
• the types of transportation are saltation, traction, solution, suspension
• deposition is the dropping of sediment
• mass movement occurs through sliding and slumping
• sliding is when rocks slide or roll down the cliff of at the coastline
• slumping is when the cliff collapses ina rotational movement due to a high force from a heavy object on a soft rock cliff
• a discordant coastline is when the the types of rock are perpendicular to the shoreline
• a concordant coastline is where the type of rock is parallel to the shore;ine
• on discordant coastlines, headlands and bays are formed due to differential erosion
• differential erosion is when the rates of erosion a different due to different resistances
• a headland slowly erodes to create an crack cave arch stack stump
• the crack of a headland is created through weathering
• a crack widens to create a cave
• the back cave wall is eroded through by abrasion and hydrolic action to form an arch