Evaluation reminders

• stages of attachment NSBO

  • Natural observation
  • Supporting evidence for multiple attachments Schaffer and Emerson 31% and 13%
  • Biased sample 1960s working class plus times have changed
  • Overeliance on reports from mums
• role of father SINF

  • Supporting evidence for fathers being secondary caregivers. Grossman playmates Geisel said mums are more caring
  • Important role in cognitive development Sethna
  • no gender difference video and gay couples
  • Fathers are unequipped to be sensitive parents. Hrdy and protests of child.Biological and social factors.
• animal studies

  • supporting evidence - leghorn chicks
  • Unethical but helps humans separation from natural mother
  • Issues with extrapolation and generalisability bird to mammal
  • Issues with extrapolation and generalisability monkey to human
• Learning theory AARS

  • attachment due to sensitivity Schaffer and Emerson 39%
  • Attachment due to comfort and security Harlows cloth and wire mum
  • Reductionist ignores cognitive and emotional aspects
  • Some explanatory power infants do learn through learning theory, not through the desire of food but through sensitivity
• Bowlby monotropic theory

  • Supporting evidence - scroufe secure kids healthy attachment IWM
  • Supporting evidence- Hazan and shaver 59% secure, 19% resistant, 25% avoidant supports IWM however data is biased bcs self reports more research needs doing
  • Contrasting evidence- hodges and Tizard 7 year olds in orphanages had secure and close attachments bcs they were cared for. Critical period no sensitive period yes
  • Contrasting evidence Schaffer and Emerson Glasgow infants had multiple attachments, disproves monotrophy
• • Strange situation RCLI
  • reliable measure standardised procedure 8 eps 3 mins
  • Contradicting evidence from Takahashi Japanese infants only appear resistant bcs they’re never left alone, Strange situation ignores cultures
  • Low ecological validity script plus babies only cry due to unfamiliar conditions
  • Incomplete explanation Main and Solomon Insecure disorganised
• Cultural variations

  • reliable way to test for secure attachment bcs all findings suggest that (takahashi and van)
  • Ethnocentric bcs strange situation was developed in America
  • Definitions of culture must be considered. van compared entire countries not cultures. Talk about Japan
  • Sample bias bcs Van used half American studies and the japanese sample size was only one