Test 2

• When glucose is transported to the liver, it can be phosphorylated and metabolized for energy (glycogen)
• When glucose is transported to the liver, it can be released into circulation for other cells to use as fuel or glycogen
• When glucose is transported to the liver, it can be converted into fatty acid and stored as triglycerides in adipose
• Are fructose and galactose converted to glucose in the liver?

  yes
• What does glycolysis produce?


  net of 2 atp

  anaerobic, occurs in the cytosol
• What is the purpose of glycolysis?

  convert glucose into pyruvate
• What is phosphorylation?

  addition of a phosphate group to a compound, atp breaking
• What happens to glucose when it is phosphorylated?

  stored as glycogen
• What is lipolysis?

  dietary and adipocyte triglycerides that are broken down by lipase to yield glycerol and 3 fatty acids
• During lipolysis, glycerol is converted pyruvate, then acetyl COA to enter the TCA cycle
• Where does pyruvate enter into once it is converted from glycerol?

  tca cycle
• What are long chain fatty acids broken down into?

  Acetyl-CoA
• Can acetyl coa not be converted into pyruvate?

  yes, it is impossible to be fed into glucose production
• What is proteolysis?

  dietary proteins that are digested into AAs or small peptides
• AAs are transported to the liver and are made into proteins.
• What happens to excess dietary proteins?

  used fir energy or are converted into triglycerides for storage
• When is protein used as a primary fuel source?

  when carb intake or total energy is low
• What is deamination?

  removal of an amine group from the AA
• What are the products of deamination?

  keto acid and ammonia
• What is ammonia used for synthesizing?

  nonessential AAs, high levels are toxic
• What are glucogenic AAs?

  AAs that can be converted into pyruvate
• What are ketogenic amino acids?

  AAs that can be converted into acetyl coa
• What is the TCA cycle?

  It is a central metabolic pathway that generates energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
• Where does TCA occur?

  mitochondrea
• How many reactions are in the TCA cycle?

  8 reactions
• During the TCA cycle, 2 acetyl coas are converted into 2 CO2 (FADH + NADH)
• What are ketones?

  by products of fat catabolism
• Is the production of energy from ketones inefficient?

  Yes, ketones are only a back up source of energy
• What does ketoacidosis lead to?

  severe dehydration
• What does ketosis lead to?

  low (acidic) blood ph
• What is gluconeogenesis?

  new glucose from noncarb precursors (AAs, glycerol)
• What does gluconeogenesis maintain?

  the body while resting, sleeping, trauma, or exercise
• What is protein catabolism?

  glucose production that can draw on vital tissue proteins
• What is lipogenesis?

  production of fat from nonfat substances like carbs, ketogenic AAs, and alcohol
• What happens to excess calories?

  converted into acetyl coa units and formed into triglycerides to be stored in adipose tissue
• Where does lipogenesis occur?

  liver cells
• Are the amino acids in the carbon skeleton of the polypeptide chain nonessential?

  yes
• Where does an amine group come form during AA synthesis?

  transamination
• When does the synthesis of nonessential AAs occur?

  when the body had enough energy and nitrogen
• What is catabolism?

  breakdown of larger more complex molecules into more basic ones