1.3.3

• kondratiev waves:

  each wave 50 year cycle

  each wave goes through 4 stages: prosperity, recession, depression, and recovery

  each wave associated with a new technological invention
• mechanisation:

  tractor increased reliability due to war therefore need to increase home grown food as german destroyed ships increased unemployment
• mechanisation:

  tractor increased reliability due to war therefore need to increase home grown food as german destroyed ships increased unemployment
• decline in coal:

  political issues

  cheap source of energy

  decline in demand

  heating in homes

  environmental

  incompetitive global scale

  cost burning coal
• ebbw vale:

  been impacted by economic change past 22 years

  depression 1930 1% coal service employed

  entrepreuneur used american tech

  steel works unable to find market

  national garden festival 1992

  developed education £350m aided

  garden festival turned shopping centre 2019
• consett:

  population 30001

  steel works employed 4,300

  short period mass male unemployment

  many vulnerable to exploitation
• consett:

  population 30001

  steel works employed 4,300

  short period mass male unemployment

  many vulnerable to exploitation
• redcar steelworks:

  2,200 employees 551 lost jobs

  known as ghost town

  high street depressed

  steel workers earned up to £40,000

  still had chemical industry

  ruined identity
• easington cycle deprivation:

  houses ruined required modernised

  2,500 miners worked there for decades

  high crime and unemployment

  food bank went up by 350%
• secondary decline:

  1954 95% manufacturing concentrated in western europe north america and japan

  1960s heavy industry declined europe

  thrives lidcs
• why secondary decline?


  lower land and labour costs and government incentives encouraging tncs to relocate

  tncs invested developing countries fdi

  transfer technology made by tncs increase productivity without raising wages

  global shift occured as manufacturing declined and went to low income countries
• deindustrialisation

  loss jobs manufacturing sectors 50% in 30 years

  manufacturing developing world

  60% exports developing countries

  heavy industry hit hardest by global shift

  UK cities lost manual employment

  Japan put nissan ne dont have to pay importation tax and mechanised by cad cam and employs roughly 7,000 people