Bulk and surface properties of matter including nanopart.

• What is a nanoparticle?


  A tiny particle with dimensions in the nanometer range. It contains roughly a few hundred atoms.
• Nanoparticles contain a large surface area-to-volume ratio. This gives them different properties from larger particles because a much greater proportion of their atoms are available to interact with substances they come into contact with.
• • Nanoparticles are efficient catalysts due to their large surface area.
  • New cosmetics (sunscreen) use nanoparticles for improved protection and no white marks.
  • Nanomedicine employs fullerenes for targeted drug delivery to cells.
  • Lubricant coatings with fullerenes are applied in joints and gears.
  • Nanotubes conduct electricity, suitable for tiny electric circuits.
  • Nanoparticles reinforce plastics in sports equipment without significant weight increase.
  • Silver nanoparticles in fibres provide antibacterial properties for medical products.
• • Nanoparticle effects on health not fully understood; thorough testing is essential.
  • Concerns over the availability of nanoparticle products before health impacts are investigated.
  • Some nanoparticles persist in cells, posing risks like lung inflammation if inhaled.
• Glass:

  • Transparent and brittle.
  • High melting point.
  • Resistant to chemical corrosion.
  • Electrical insulator.
  • Not easily recyclable.
• Clay Ceramics:

  • Porous and brittle.
  • Moderate melting point.
  • Resistant to chemical corrosion.
  • Generally insulating.
  • Used in pottery, tiles, and bricks.
• Polymers:

  • Can be transparent or opaque, with varying flexibility.
  • Low melting point.
  • Susceptible to chemical corrosion.
  • Electrical insulator.
  • Lightweight and easily moulded.
• Composites:

  • Varied transparency, flexibility, and hardness depending on constituents.
  • The melting point depends on the components.
  • Chemical resistance varies.
  • Electrical properties vary.
  • Exceptional strength-to-weight ratio; used in aerospace, construction, and sports equipment.
• Metals:

  • Opaque and malleable or ductile.
  • High melting point.
  • Susceptible to chemical corrosion (except noble metals).
  • Good conductors of electricity and heat.
  • Heavy and strong; used in construction, machinery, and electronics.
• Explain why the properties of a material make it suitable for a given use and use data to select materials appropriate for specific uses:

  • Identify desired properties for application (strength, conductivity, etc.).
  • Match properties to application requirements.
  • Refer to material property data (tensile strength, conductivity, etc.).
  • Compare material properties against application needs.
  • Select materials based on matching properties to requirements.