PSYCHOLOGY PAPER ONE

• what is hypotheses?

  they are statements made by researches to show whether they predict their findings will be before carrying out the study
• what is null hypotheses?

  prediction suggest that there is no pattern in results
• null hypothesis

  no correlation between two variables
• what is a alternative hypothesis ?


  is an alternative to the null hypothesis and therefore does predict pattern in results- EXAMPLE WILL BE SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION
• independent variable


  changed or in controlled of
• what depends on what?

  dependent variable depends on independent variable
• give me example of null hypothesis?


  there will be no significant difference in the number of ppl that pick op litter for someone in a milkman uniform and someone ho is not in unifor,
• give me example of alternative hypothesis?


  significant difference that show the ability you conserve depending whether they are four years old or seven years old
• what is independent variable

  the thing you purposely change in the experiment
• what is the dependent variable?


  it is the outcome or result
• ways of dealing with ethical issues?

  debriefing-apologised and from to withdraw from the data -patients leave in the same state for when they entered the study
• ways of right to withdraw?

  if participants feel uncomfortable or distressed during the study they do not have to continue thus protecting from psychological harm
• confidentially


  psychological research can deal with the sensitise and personal matter they think they will embarrass themselves guaranteeing their confidentiality
• what is confidentiality? 


  the act of keeping something secret or private
• what is debriefing?


  a conversation between the researchers and participants that happen at the end of the study
• what is debriefing?


  a conversation between researchers and participants that happens at the end of the study
• respect?

  this is about vaulting the dignity and worth of all individuals includes getting consent giving the right to withdraw and ensuring confidentiality
• what is meant of competence?

  psychologist should work within the limits of their knowledge ,skill training, education and experiences and try not to carry out the research that is challenging for this may result in damage in participants
• what is meant by responsibility?

  this is about psychologist obligation to protect their participants-by not putting them by risk debriefings are important
• integrity?


  vaulting honesty accuracy clarity and fairness for this reason deception should be avoided when possible
• doing research experiments

  strengths of experiment- laboratory experiments are the most reliable form of experiment as they are few of extraneous variables
• weakness of experiment?

  offer suffer from demand characteristics especially is the participants are aware they are being investigated
• strengths of interviews and weaknesses?

  allows psychologist can access what cannot be observed-thoughts and feelings and the negative that interviews can influence answers more easily in instructed interview which can make findings less objective
• questionaries positive and negatives


  strength questionaries allow psychologist to access what cannot be observed thoughts an feelings and questions may be misunderstood missed out so there is often no one there to clarify them
• observations

  watching peoples behaviour and recording what is seen and heard
• strengths and weaknesses on observations

  allow psychologists see a situation themselves then rather relaying on participants telling them about it giving more reliable findings and the negative is observations are generally opened to observe bias and psychologist seeing what he or she wants to see
• case studies


  focus on individual or one group of people for example a family school village culture-qualitative data
• strengths and weakness of case studies

  strength-the data is rich and in depth making it highly valid and weakness is small samples mean it is difficult to make generalisations
• correlations


  correlations investigate the relationship between co variables. Need to be measured in the same way
• strengths and weaknesses of the correlations

  correlation can investigate the situations that could not be set up for practical reason and the weakness unlike experiments correlation cannot stablish cause and effect
• difference between quantitative and qualitative data ?

  quantitative data is numerical percentages ratings whereas qualitive description is descriptive written in words images, voice recordings
• strength of quantitate data?

  is that it is easy to analyse numbers to make comparisons and look for patterns
• strength of qualitative data?


  more valid because it is rich and detailed
• weakness of quantitative data?

  lacks construct validity narrows behaviours and thinking down to just numbers
• weakness of qualitive data?


  is more open to interpretation so not as objective
• primary data


  is collected by the psychologist whereas secondary data has been collected or produced by someone else and be used by psychologist
• strength of the secondary data?

  can give the psychologist access to the people who they would not be able to investigate directly
• a weakness of primary data?

  influenced by the psychologist who is collecting it
• a weakness of secondary data?

  tends to be less reliable than the primary data to the psychologist is not there to verify of how true and accurate it is
• tendency

  an average value that represents a data set