Organic Chemistry Lecture

• Organic Chemistry is Defined as a chemistry of carbon compunds.
• Organic chemistry is the study of compounds that contain carbon. It is one of the major branches of chemistry.
• • In ancient era, willow bark was used as a painkiller, (willow bark contains acetylsalicylic acid, the ingredient in aspirin)
• • Organic chemistry was first defined as a branch of modern science in the early 1800’s by Jon Jacob Berzelius. 
• Bercelius classified chemical compounds into two main groups: ORGANIC: if they originated in living or once a living matter

  INORGANIC: if they came from “mineral” or non-living matter
• In 1828, frederich wöhler discovered that urea - an organic compound - could be made by heating ammonium cyanate (an inorganic compound)
• Wohler mixed silver cyanate and ammoniumchlorid to produce solid silver chloride and aqueous ammonium cyanate. ]
• • The carbon family, group 14 in the p-block, has only two electrons in its outermost p orbital: each has the electron configuration ns2np2.
• In a periodic table, the column is called group and the rows are called period.
• Importance of carbon

  • Basic for all life
  • Form stable covalent bonds to other carbon atoms - catenation
  • Can form single, double, triple bonds
  • Long carbon chain can be produced
  • Will bond to many other element
  • A huge number of chemicals is possible
• Catenation is the linkage of atoms of the same element into longer chains.
• Carbon forms bonds not only with itself and with hydrogen but also with many other elements, including strongly electron-attracting elements
• An organic compound is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon.
• Carbon is a major component of all organic compounds.
• Carbonization is the term for the conversion of an organic substance into carbon or a carbon-containing residue through pyrolysis or destructive distillation.
• Organic Bonding with molecule: usually covalent
• Inorganic Bonding with molecule: often ionic
• Organic commpound's forces between molecules are generally weak
• Inorganic compound's forces between molecules are quite strong
• Organic compound has a low melting point
• Inorganic compound has a high melting point
• Organic compound is often flammable
• Inorganic is usually nonflammable
• Organic Compounds are insoluble in water
• Inorganic Compounds are soluble in water
• Organic Compounds are non-conductor
• Inorganic Compounds are conductor
• The different types of formula are molecular, empirical, structural, condensed and bond line formula
• MOLECULAR FORMULA

  • Actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
• EMPIRICAL FORMULA

  • Simplest ratio number of atoms of each element in a molecule
• STRUCTURAL FORMULA

  • Shows all atoms in the bonds, Bonds are represented as line.
• CONDENSED FORMULA

  • Shorthand way of writing Molecular formula
• BOND LINE FORMULA

  • Represent structure between carbon-carbon bonds.
• Straight Chain and Branched Chains compounds are under open chain compounds
• Homocyclic Compounds and Heterocyclic compounds are under cyclic compounds
• Alicyclic Compounds and Aromatic ompounds are under homocyclic compounds
• Hybridization is intermixing of pure atomic  orbitals (s,p,d,f) in order to form a new set of orbitals
• The 3 Hybrid Bond Orbitals are Tetrahedral, Trigonal and Digonal Hybridization
• Tetrahedral Hybridization contains four bonds with Hydrogen.
• Tetrahedral Hybridization has a tetrahedral arrangement.