mod 1

• Who are some important scientists in immunology?

  Edward Jenner and Louis Pasteur
• What is variolation?

  Deliberate infection to induce immunity
• What was the outcome of variolation in infants?

  Protected them from smallpox later
• What disease was associated with the variolation technique in China?

  Smallpox
• What was the purpose of using scabs from mild smallpox cases?

  To minimize risks during variolation
• What disease did rinderpest affect?

  Cattle
• What method was used to inoculate animals against rinderpest?

  String soaked in nasal discharge
• Who pioneered smallpox vaccination?

  Edward Jenner
• What was the significance of cowpox in vaccination?

  Reduced risks compared to smallpox
• What year was smallpox eradicated using vaccination?

  1970s
• What was the outcome of inoculating bovine pleuropneumonia?

  Animal became immune after tissue insertion
• What was the failure of using cowpox material in puppies?

  It did not prevent canine distemper
• How did Pasteur's work with fowl cholera contribute to vaccination principles?

  Established use of avirulent strains for immunity
• What did Pasteur do to make anthrax bacteria avirulent?

  Grew them at high temperature
• What was the source of Pasteur's rabies vaccine?

  Dried spinal cords from infected rabbits
• Who demonstrated that dead organisms could be used as vaccines?

  Daniel Salmon and Theobald Smith
• What bacterium did Salmon and Smith use for their vaccine study?

  Salmonella enterica cholerasuis
• What did Von Behring and Kitasato show regarding tetanus?

  Filtrates could protect against tetanus
• By what year was immunity to infectious diseases recognized?

  1900
• What has been identified over the past century in immunology?

  Molecular and cellular basis of immunity
• What are the key events in the timeline of immunology?

  • 1700: Variolation established in China
  • 1798: Jenner pioneers smallpox vaccination
  • 1862: Haeckel recognizes phagocytosis
  • 1879: Pasteur investigates fowl cholera
  • 1900: Immunity to infectious diseases recognized
• What is the definition of immunology?

  Study of the immune system
• What are the concepts of immunology?

  • Study of immune system aspects
  • Understanding protection from pathogens
  • Differentiation between self and non-self
• What is innate immunity?

  Rapidly responding defense mechanisms
• What is a key aspect of inflammation in innate immunity?

  Increased blood flow and cell accumulation
• What are neutrophils and macrophages?

  Cells that attack and destroy invaders
• What is the complement system?

  Enzymes triggered by invaders
• What is lysozyme?

  Natural antimicrobial molecule
• What is a characteristic of the innate immune system?

  Lacks memory for specific pathogens
• How does the innate immune system respond to pathogens?

  Non-specific and natural defense mechanisms
• What type of environment is attractive to microorganisms?

  Warm, moist, and nutrient-rich
• What is the role of innate immunity in the body?

  • Second line of defense
  • Preexisting or rapidly responding mechanisms
  • Focuses on sites of microbial invasion (inflammation)
• What happens during inflammation?

  Increased blood flow and accumulation of immune cells
• Which cells are involved in attacking invaders during inflammation?

  Neutrophils and macrophages
• What is the complement system?

  Enzymes triggered by the presence of invaders
• What natural antimicrobial molecule is mentioned?

  Lysozyme
• What is a key characteristic of the innate immune system?

  It lacks any form of memory
• How does the innate immune system recognize invaders?

  By identifying different components of microorganisms
• What are the components of the innate immune system?

  • Phagocytes (Neutrophils and macrophages)
  • Complement proteins
  • Natural Killer cells
• What are the functions of acquired immunity?

  • Recognize and destroy invaders
  • Learn from the process
  • Remember invaders for faster response