Lesson 7&8

• Perspectives on the origins of globalization

  • Hardwired
  • Cycles
  • Epoch
  • Events
  • More Recent Changes
• Hardwired


  Globalization started due to our basic human needs to make our lives better
• Hardwired perspective


  1. Ancestors in Africa walked out in late Ice Age

  2. Journey led to all known continents after 50,000 years

  3. Commerce, religion, politics, warfare are "urges" of people toward better life

  4. Connected to trade, missionary work, adventures, conquest
• Cycles


  No single point of origin, globalization is a long-term cyclical process
• Epoch


  Waves of globalization that took place in the past, each with its own origin
• Epochs of globalization


  • Globalization of religion (4th to 7th centuries)
  • European colonial conquest (late 15th century)
  • Intra-European wars (late 18th to early 19th centuries)
  • Heyday of European imperialism (mid-19th century to 1918)
  • Post-world War II period
  • Post-cold war period
• Events


  Specific events considered as the start of globalization
• Events viewed as start of globalization

  • Voyages of discovery - Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Ferdinand Magellan
  • Technological advances in transportation and communication - first transatlantic television broadcasts, founding of modern internet, 9/11 attacks
• Recent changes viewed as origins of globalization

  • Emergence of US as global power (post-WWII)
  • Emergence of MNCs or multinational corporations
  • Demise of Soviet Union and end of Cold War
• Demography


  Statistical study of human populations, examining size, structure, and movements over space and time
• Demographic Transition


  Historical process of change in births, deaths, and population growth in industrialized societies
• Demographic Transition Theory


  Pattern of demographic change from high fertility and high mortality to low fertility and low mortality as society progresses from rural to urban, industrial, literate, and modern

  
• Mortality


  Number of deaths in a given time or space
• Fertility


  Birthrate of a population
• Types of migration


  • Internal migration - permanent movement within a country
  • External migration - crossing country boundaries
• Immigration


  Moving into a country, often to change places of residence for permanent residency
• Emigration


  Leaving or exiting a country, often to settle permanently in another country
• Factors of migration


  • Push factors - negative things that make people want to move
  • Pull factors - positive aspects that attract people to move