Model where Earth is at the center of the universe, with the Sun, Moon, stars, and planets orbiting around it
Ptolemaic model
Earth is at the center of the universe, but the moons and planets rotate in circles as they go around Earth
Copernican model
Heliocentric model where the Sun is at the center of the universe, and the Earth and other planets orbit around the Sun
Copernican Revolution
1. Critical realization that the Earth is not the center of the universe
2. Explained observed complex motions as naturally occurring
3. More simple, with the Sun as the one central element
4. Aesthetically more pleasing
Galileo Galilei
First to study the sky with a telescope
Discovered mountains on the Moon
Discovered sunspots on the Sun
Discovered the moons of Jupiter
Realized Venus had phases, meaning it orbits the Sun
Charles Darwin
English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection
Sigmund Freud
Austrian doctor, founding father of psychoanalysis, a method for treating mental illness and a theory explaining human behavior
Freudian Revolution
Freud was a determinist who believed people are driven by their instincts, including the life instinct (sex/libido) and the death instinct (aggression, self-destruction)
