symptoms

• what is type 1 schizophrenia? 


  this has positive symptoms and better prospect of recovery
• what is type 2 schizophrenia?


  this has negative symptoms and a lower prospect of recovery
• what are positive symptoms?


  Hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech, and disorganized behavior. these involve a loss of touch with reality. they occur in acute, short episodes and often respond well to medication
• what are negative symptoms?


  involve displaying behaviours that disrupt normal emotions and actions. these occur in chronic, longer lasting episodes and don't respond well to medication
• what is chronic onset?


  symptoms appear slowly over time
• what is acute onset?


  symptoms appear relatively suddenly
• what is the average onset age in males?


  mid - late teens
• what is the average onset in females?


  late teen - late twenties
• what symptoms of schizophrenia did Schneider outline in 1959?

  1. passivity experiences and thought disorders
  2. auditory hallucinations
  3. primary delusions
• what are passivity experiences and thought disorders?

  thoughts and actions are percieved to be under external control. they may believe that thoughts are being inserted, withdrawn or broadcast to others.
• what are auditory hallucinations?

  they experience voices, often insulting and obscene, which form running commentaries, or discuss the sufferers behaviour, or anticipate their thoughts or repeat their thoughts out loud. these acan often occur with simultaneous delusions
• what are primary delusions?

  believing things that are not true. They may experience:

  • delusions of grandeur - believing they are someone more important than they are [e.g. saviour]
  • delusions of paranoia and persecution - believing people are trying to hurt them
  • delusions of broadcasting- believing their behaviour is controlled by others
• what four symptoms did Slater and Roth add in 1969?

  1. Thought process disorders
  2. Disturbances of effect
  3. Psychomotor disturbances
  4. Avolition
• what are thought process disorders [outlined by Slater and Roth]


  where people with schizophrenia wander off the point, invent new words and repeat them [echolalia] and phrases, stop mid sentence, muddle their words, interpret language literally. they also show speech poverty, where they give brief replies to questions with minimal elaboration [called alogia]
• what are disturbances of effect?


  they appear uncaring of others. this involves innappropriate emotional responses, a lack of emotions [flattening effect], and depressive symptoms
• what are psychomotor disturbances?


  repeating actions that are strange and have no purpose

  catatonia - loss of control of muscles]

  catatonic stupor - lying rigidly and not moving for long periods of time
• what is avolition?

  a general lack of energy resulting in loss of goal directed behaviour. in this, they may have an inability to make decisions, lose interest in personal hygeine and lack sociability and affection