Nutrition and respiration.

• Equation for photosynthesis

  Carbon dioxide + water -> oxygen + glucose

  6CO2+6H2O->6O2+C6H12O6
• Limiting factors of photosynthesis

  Carbon dioxide concentration, light intensity and temperature.
• Waxy cuticle


  Transparent to allow light to pass through to palisade cells. Water proof to reduce water loss by evaporation. Acts as a barrier to prevent entry of disease causing microbes.
• Palisade cells


  Close to the upper surface and tightly packed for maximum light

  absorption. Elongated to create a large surface area for maximum light

  absorption. Packed full of chloroplasts for maximum photosynthesis.
• Chloroplasts

  Contain chlorophyll; a pigment required for photosynthesis

  Are able to move to position themselves to gain maximum light without

  being damaged.
• Spongy Mesophyll Layer


  Rounded and loosely packed cells that generate air spaces to enable gas exchange to occur.
• Xylem


  A waterproof hollow tube that enable efficient delivery of water and

  mineral ions from the roots to the leaves for photosynthesis.
• Phloem


  Transports sucrose, formed from glucose, from the leaves to other parts

  of the plant
• Stoma/Stomata


  A small pore that allows carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf for

  photosynthesis. Also allows oxygen and water to diffuse out of the leaf
• Guard Cells


  Surround the stomata. Are capable of altering their own shape in order

  to open (to allow carbon dioxide to enter) or close (to prevent water

  vapour loss) the stomata.
• Nitrate


  Makes amino acids, proteins,

  chlorophyll and DNA.
• Deficiency symptom of nitrate

  Stunted growth and older leaves turn yellow.
• Phosphate

  Makes DNA.
• Deficiency symptom of phosphate


  Poor root growth. Younger leaves turn purple.
• Potassium


  Needed for enzymes of respiration and photosynthesis to work
• Deficiency symptom of potassium


  Yellow leaves with dead spots
• Magnesium


  Part of the chlorophyll molecule
• Deficiency symptom of magnesium


  Leaves turn yellow between the veins
• 7 nutrients needed for a balanced diet:

  Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins, fibre, water
• Carbohydrate sources


  Bread, pasta, rice, potato, sugar.
• Carbohydrate function

  Immediate energy source.
• Lipid sources

  Dairy products, egg yolk
• Lipid functions

  Energy store and insulation
• Protein sources

  Fish, meat, egg white
• Protein functions

  Growth and repair.
• Vitamin A sources

  Cheese, eggs, liver.
• Vitamin A functions

  Immunity and vision in dim light.
• Vitamin C sources

  Oranges, blackcurrants
• Vitamin C functions

  Prevents scurvy and helps healing.
• Vitamin D sources

  Oily fish, sunlight.
• Vitamin D functions

  Calcium absorption
• Calcium sources

  Milk, cheese.
• Calcium functions


  Strong bones and teeth.
• Iron sources


  Meat, liver.
• Iron functions


  Makes red blood cells.
• Fibre sources


  Brown rice, whole grain.
• Fibre functions

  Aids peristalsis (movement through the digestive system).
• Water sources

  Food and drink, metabolism.
• Water functions

  Absorption, transport, excretion, cooling.
• Assimilation


  Converting food molecules to other molecules for use in the body.