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Acids and bases
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Cards (27)
pH scale
Measure of how
acidic
or
alkaline
a solution is
Lower pH
More
acidic
solution
Higher
pH
More
alkaline
solution
Neutral
substance has a pH of
7
Indicator
Dye that
changes colour
depending on whether it's above or below a certain
pH
Universal indicator
Contains a mixture of
dyes
which means they gradually change colour over a broad range of
pH
pH probe
Attached to a pH meter, dipping the
probe
into a solution allows electronic measurement of the
pH
Advantages of pH probe
More accurate and precise than an indicator, as it doesn't involve humans
guessing shades
or particular
colours
Acid
Substance that forms aqueous solutions with a pH less than
7
, producing
hydrogen
ions (H+) in water
Base
Substance with a
pH greater
than 7, forming
OH-
ions in water
Alkali
Base that
dissolves
in water to form a solution with a pH greater than
7
Neutralisation reaction
Acid + Base →
Salt
+
Water
Neutralisation
products should be
neutral
Strong
acids
Ionise completely in
water
, all acid particles dissociate to release
H+
ions
Weak acids
Do not fully
ionise
in solution, only a small portion of acid particles dissociate to release
H+
ions, the ionisation is a reversible reaction
Higher concentration of H+ ions
Faster
rate of reaction, so strong acids are more reactive than weak acids of the same
concentration
Acid strength
Proportion of
acid
molecules that
ionise
in water
Acid concentration
Amount of acid in a certain volume of
water
pH
scale ranges from 0 to
14
Reaction of metal
oxides
with
acids
Metal oxide + Acid →
Salt
+
Water
Reaction of metal hydroxides with acids
Metal hydroxide + Acid →
Salt
+
Water
Reaction of metal carbonates with acids
Metal carbonate + Acid →
Salt
+ Water +
Carbon dioxide
Reactivity series
List of
metals
in order of their reactivity towards other substances, determined by how easily they
lose
electrons to form positive ions
Higher up the reactivity series
More easily the metal reacts with water or acid
Reaction of metals with acids
Acid + Metal →
Salt
+
Hydrogen
Reactive metals react explosively with acids,
less
reactive metals react less violently,
copper
normally won't react with cold, dilute acids</b>
Reaction of
metals
with water
Metal + Water → Metal
hydroxide
+
Hydrogen