Carboxylic acids and derivatives

• what is the suffix for a carboxylic acid

  Suffix - oic acid

  if the compound contains an alkene functional group - enoic acid
• Strength of carboxylic acids as the chain length increases

  Increasing chain length pushes electron density onto the COO- ion making it more negative and less stablé therefore strength of acid decreases.
• Salt formation reactions of carboxylic acids

  Acid + metal --> salt + hydrogen

  acid + alkali —> salt + water

  2acid + metal oxide —> 2salt + water

  acid + carbonate —> salt +water + CO2
• what is the general formula for a carboxylic acid

  CnH2n+1COOH which can be shortened to RCOOH
• What is the general formula for an ester ?

  R1COOR2

  R2 - starts with a carbon (CH3)
• what is the reaction of esterification

  Carboxylic acid + alcohol —> ester + water

  condition :

  strong acid catalysts - H2SO4 or HCl

  heat
• How do you name a ester

  Name the alcohol part of the molecule that has the prefix and then the part of the molecule formed from the carboxylic acid is the suffix.
• Ester hydrolysis (acidic) 


  Reagents - dilute acid (HCl)

  conditions - heat under reflux

  
• Ester hydrolysis (alkaline ) 


  Reagents : sodium hydroxide

  conditions : heat under reflux

  goes to completion - ester will be completely converted to a salt as long as there is excess sodium hydroxide.

  
• Fats and oil are…

  Esters of glycerol and long chain carboxylic acids (fatty acids)
• What are the two methods of hydrolysing an ester

  acidic conditions - ester + water —> carboxylic acid + alcohol

  alkaline conditions - ester + NaOH —> carboxylate salt + alcohol
• how is biodiesel produced ?

  reacting vegetable oil (ester) with methanol in the presence of a strong alkaline catalyst.