Ethics, Peer Review + The Economy

• What must participants be informed about in a study?

  What the study is about and their requirements
• What is required for participants under 16 to give consent?

  Informed consent from their parents/carers
• What should participants over 16 do regarding consent?

  Give informed consent themselves
• What should researchers avoid doing during an experiment?

  Deceiving participants in any way
• What should researchers consider if deception is unavoidable?

  Weigh benefits against potential negative consequences
• What should happen at the end of any research?

  Participants should be debriefed
• What right do participants have regarding their involvement in a study?

  They can withdraw at any time
• What must be kept confidential about participants?

  Participants' details and data
• When can confidentiality be breached?

  In extenuating circumstances causing harm
• What should research avoid causing to participants?

  No harm should come to participants
• What should researchers do if harm is unavoidable?

  Consider benefits against potential harm
• What is presumptive consent?

  Consent from a similar group is presumed
• What is prior general consent?

  Permission for multiple studies, including deception
• What is retrospective consent?

  Consent obtained after participation during debriefing
• What is peer review?

  Assessment by independent experts of research quality
• Why is peer review important in the scientific process?

  Ensures facts uncovered can be trusted
• What do researchers submit to funding bodies?

  Detailed proposals for psychological studies
• What happens to research proposals during peer review?

  They are critically evaluated by experts
• What is the outcome for research projects that pass peer review?

  They receive funding for the study
• What do psychologists do after conducting research?

  Write up findings in articles or books
• What happens to articles before publication in academic journals?

  They undergo peer review by specialists
• What does peer review help maintain in scientific literature?

  High standards and filters out poor research
• How are university psychology departments assessed?

  Through exercises like the research excellence framework
• What does peer review evaluate in university departments?

  Quality and impact of published research
• How does high-quality peer-reviewed publications affect departments?

  Improves ratings, funding, and reputation
• What challenge does the internet pose to scientific information quality?

  Requires new solutions to maintain quality
• What is the 'wisdom of crowds' approach?

  Readers decide validity and post comments
• What is a limitation of the peer review process on the internet?

  Peer means 'everyone', affecting quality
• What is a strength of peer review?

  Protects researchers through anonymity
• What does peer review help establish?

  Which data is valid and reliable
• What is a limitation of finding suitable experts for peer review?

  It cannot always find suitable experts
• What is publication bias in peer review?

  Preference for positive results in publication
• What does the British Psychological Society state about psychology's responsibility?

  It should promote public good, including economy
• Who led research into everyday irrational thinking?

  Daniel Kahneman
• What is the availability heuristic?

  Overestimating likelihood based on available information
• How does the framing effect influence decisions?

  Decisions differ based on gain or loss presentation
• What did Tversky and Kahneman's study reveal about treatment choices?

  Wording affects treatment selection significantly
• Why is understanding irrational thinking important?

  It improves personal lives and society
• How has Kahneman's work transformed business?

  Applied to decision making in various fields
• What is the cognitive interview designed to improve?

  Accurate information from eyewitnesses