Lesson 1

• The use of the term philosophy is attributed to Pythagoras as he is said to be the first to use it when he differentiated the three classes of people who attend the ancient Olympic Games.
• Three classes of people according to Phytagoras:


  • Lovers of gain 
  • Lovers of honor
  • Lovers of knowledge or wisdom.
• According to Pythagoras, the third class of people are the

  best since they go to the games as spectators who seek the truth.  
• They sell their wares for money or profit.

  LOVERS OF GAIN
• They compete in the games for honor.

  LOVERS OF HONOR
• Phytagoreas called the third class of people as philosophers.
• Philos means "love", while Sophia means "Wisdom"
• Lover of Wisdom


  Philosopher
• It is the knowledge of all things through their ultimate causes, acquired  through the use of reason.


  Philosophy
• Philosophers


  The third class of people who attend the games as spectators who seek the truth
• Ethics


  Concerned about human conduct and norms or standards of right and wrong applicable to human behavior
• Aesthetics


  The philosophical study of beauty and taste
• Metaphysics


  Analyzes whether everything is material, and if life, energy, and mind are their different manifestations
• Plato's philosophy


  A completion and extension of the philosophy of Socrates
• Aristotle's philosophy


  An opposition to the Platonic philosophical tradition
• Aristotle believed that the perceptual and cognitive faculties of people are dependable; such belief places humans in direct contact with the world to be studied and therefore engaged in substantive philosophy
• Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle are considered the three of the greatest philosophers in the history of Western philosophic thought
• Communication skills


  An individual who possess a knack at conversing in the subject of philosophy can also shine in discussing other matters
• Self-Knowledge


  It improves understanding of oneself. And is also one way to understand others
• Persuasive skills


  The need to convince others, we need to be understood and agreed upon. We need to be accepted
• Constructive Tasks


  The goal of this task is to foster a consistent, dependable, steadfast, and practical representation of reality
• Two differences between philosophical and nonphilosophical subjects:


  • The fundamental importance of philosophical subjects to a reflective person.
  • The lack of general agreement on how the subjects of concern may be defined.
• As philosophical subjects, it matters that a reflective person believes and counts as real.
• It matters that he or she thinks that shape his or her life are considered.
• Philosophers would agree that there is no one characterization for how a subject may be talked about' There may be one definition that prevails.
• But so far problems in philosophy are still problems because there has never been an absolute answer to questions on philosophical subjects such as the following:


  • What is knowledge?
  • What is the nature of the self? 
  • Does God exist?
  • What is the standard of beauty?
  • Is there a universal morality?
• 5 MAJOR BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

  • Ethics  
  • Aesthetics  
  • Epistemology 
  • Logic  
  • Metaphysics
• ETHICS derived from the Greek term ethos meaning "custom."
• The systematic reflections in ethics will lead to an understanding of the: -that affects one's actions toward others.


  • Concept of right and wrong
  • Conceptions about morality
• ethics helps people prioritize their values.
• AESTHETICS comes from the Greek word aisthetikos, which means  "sensitive" or "perceptive."
• Aesthetics, also spelled esthetics, is also closely related to the philosophy of art, which is concerned with the nature of art and the concepts in terms of which individual works of art are interpreted and evaluated.
• Epistemology comes from the Greek word episteme, which means "knowledge."
• EPISTEMOLOGY


  This  branch of philosophy deals with various problems concerning  knowledge.
• Among the major concerns in epistemology are:


  1 the origin of knowledge whether empiricism or rationalism

  2 the verification or  confirmation of knowledge
• given by experience


  Empiricism
• given by the mind prior to experience


  Rationalism
• Other highly specialized problems in epistemology include:

  1 the distinction between belief and knowledge

  2 the nature of truth

  3 the problems of perception

  4 the external world

  5 the meaning and other minds
• It is the branch of philosophy that looks into whether there are rules or principles that govern reasoning.


  Logic
• As a study of reasoning, logic incorporates the analysis of the methods of deduction and induction to provide the rules on how people ought to think logically.