PHILIPPINE HIV AND AIDS POLICY ACT [R.A. NO. 11166]

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): the virus, of the type called retrovirus, which infects cells of the human immune system, and destroys or impairs the cells' function. Infection with HIV results in the progressive deterioration of the immune system leading to immune deficiency
HIV is the virus that infects our CD4 T-lymphocyte that results
in the deterioration of the human immune system
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is the final stage of HIV infection where the body can no longer fight life threatening diseases.
The first case of AIDS was reported in the United States in 1981.
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): deficiency of immune system that stems from infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus or HIV, making an individual susceptible to opportunistic infections.
AIDS
Stage 3 infection that makes an individual susceptible to opportunistic infections
CD4 lymphocyte percentage count is below 14% = AIDS
Preventable and manageable, but no cure
Tuberculosis is the most common opportunistic infection occurring in HIV positive individuals [fatal]
CD4 500
Bacterial infection
Hairyleukoplakia
Herpes simplex
Herpes Zoster
Kaposi's sarcoma
Vaginal candidiasis
Tuberculosis
CD4 200
Coccidioidomycosis
Cryptococcosis
Cryotosporidiosis
Non-Hodgkin's lyphoma
Pneumocystis carinii
Toxoplasmosis
CD4 50
CNS lyphoma
CMV retinitis
Disseminated mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection
HIV dementia
Histoplasmosis
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
You can get HIV via:
Set without condom
Passed from mother to baby
Sharing injecting equipment
Contaminated blood transfusions and organ transplants
You can’t get HIV from:
Kissing and Hugging
Sharing food
Insect bites
Toilet seats
Bathing
Sneezes and coughs
Sweat
Condoms and PrEP used correctly and consistently protect you from HIV transmission during sex.
Any laboratory procedure done on any individual to determine the presence or absence of HIV infection
WINDOW PERIOD: refers to the period of time, usually lasting from two weeks to six (6) months during which an infected individual will test "negative" upon HIV testing but can actually transmit the infection.
Two kinds of HIV test
Screening test (HIV 1 and 2)
Confirmatory test
Screening Test (HIV-1 & HIV-2)
HIV is testes via test kits
ELISA is an example of this
Confirmatory Test
Use western blot technique
Test performed to sample done to test if the test is correct [if false-positive or false-negative; accurate]
TEST & REMARKS
HIV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Screening test for HIV
Sensitivity > 99.9%
TEST & REMARKS
Western blot
Confirmatory test
Specificity > 99.9% (when combined with ELISA)
TEST & REMARKS
HIV rapid antibody test
Screening test for HIV
Simple to perform
TEST & REMARKS
Absolute CD4 lymphocyte count
Predictor of HIV progression
Risk of opportunistic infection and AIDS when less than 200
TEST & REMARKS
HIV viral load test
Best test for diagnosis of acute HIV infection
Correlates with disease progression and response to HAART
Antiretroviral therapy – medication given to HIV or AIDs-positive patients in order for the viruses to be managed; do not kill the virus. It will just stop the replication of virus.
ANTI-RETROVIRAL DRUGS
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors: Azidothymidine (Zidovudine)
Non-Nucleoside Transcriptase inhibitors: Viramune (Nevirapine)
Protease inhibitors: Norvir (Ritonavir)
HIV-1
Found around the world
Immunodeficiency is faster
Shorter incubation period
Highly infectious in early stages (increased risk of transmission)
HIV-2
West Africa, increasing cases in the US
Immunodeficiency develops more slowly
Longer incubation period
Less infectious in early stages; much infectious as the virus develops
85.6 Million people are infected with HIV; almost half died [2002]
Since the first reported HIV infection in the Philippines in 1984, there have been 117,946 confirmed HIV cases reported to the HIV/AUDS and ART Registry of the Philippines (HARP)
Average number of people newly diagnosed with HIV
per day in selected years:
2013: 13
2018:31
2022: 41
2023: 49
In June 2023, there were 1,518 confirmed HIV-positive individuals reported to the HIV/AIDS & ART Registry of the Philippines (HARP)
PREVALENCE OF HIV ACCORDING TO MODES OF TRANSMISSION
64% - male to male sex - 21,990
24% - sex with both male and female - 8,233
10% - male to female sex - 3,406
1% - sharing infected needles - 465
1% - no data - 320
less than 1% - mother to child - 1
RA 8504: “PHILIPPINE AIDS PREVENTION AND CONTROL ACT OF 1998”
Consists of 9 articles
With 52 sections
Approved on February 13, 1998 by President Fidel V. Ramos
RA 11166: “PHILIPPINE HIV AND AIDS POLICY ACT”
The newest law passed by the legislative department to modify certain provision of the original version to be more effective in dealing HIV condition in the Philippine setting.
Consists of 8 articles
With 57 sections
Approved on December 20, 2018 by President Rodrigo R. Duterte
DECLARATION OF POLICIES
Responding to the country's HIV and AIDS shall be anchored on the principles of human rights upholding human dignity.
Anti-retroviral Therapy (ART) is a treatment that stops or suppresses viral replication or replications of a retrovirus like HIV, thereby slowing down the progression of infection;
Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) groups of non-governmental and non-commercial individuals or legal entities
Compulsory HIV Testing: HIV testing imposed upon an
individual characterized by lack of consent, use of force or intimidation, the use of testing as a prerequisite for employment or other purposes, and other circumstances when informed choice is absent;
Unlawful, unless mandated by the law
Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO): juridical entities legally organized to provide or arrange for the provision of pre-agreed or designated health care services to its enrolled members for a fixed pre-paid fee for a specified period of time;
High-risk Behavior: person's involvement in certain activities that increase the risk of transmitting or acquiring HIV