Exam P.E Paper 1

• There are 206 bones in the human body and 300 different bones
• Bones

  • Allow movement
  • Give protection
  • Provide blood cells
  • Maintain mineral balance
• Ligaments

  Tightly connect bones
• Muscles

  Firmly attached to bones, forming levers to allow for sporting movements
• Skeletal system

  Acts as a framework
• Minerals

  Transform spongy bone matrix into a rigid structure, increasing density and strength
• Bone

  At the end of some bones there is a white, flat area to connect with other bones
• Joint

  • A place where two or more bones meet
• Types of Joints

  • Slightly moveable
  • Freely moveable or Synovial
• Synovial joint


  A freely moveable joint where the bones are covered by cartilage and connected by a porous ligament capsule lined with synovial fluid
• Synovial joints allow for the most movement
• Hinge joint

  • Only allows flexing and extension, like the hinge on a door
  • Examples are the knee and elbow joints
• The drive in a 100m sprint is an example of a hinge joint
• Ball and socket joint

  • Where a rounded end of a bone fits inside a cup-shaped end
  • Allows movement in all directions
  • The most mobile joints in the body
• Movements at a ball and socket joint

  • Abduction - moving the limb away from the midline of the body
  • Adduction - moving the limb towards the midline of the body
  • Rotation - circular movement
  • Circumduction - the joint moves in a circle
• Flexion and extension

  1. Flexion - bending the joint to decrease the angle

  2. Extension - straightening the joint to increase the angle
• Flexion

  • Bicep curl, Preparations for kicking a ball
• Extension


  • Throwing a shot put
• Abduction


  • Jumping jack
• Adduction

  • Breaststroke in swimming
• Circumduction

  • Tennis serve, Cricket bowling
• Types of muscle

  1. Involuntary - They work automatically ans cannot be consciously controlled (e.g. digestion).
  2. Cardiac (heart) - Contracts automatically continuesly.
  3. Voluntary - These move when we tell them and we are responsible for movement.
• Deltoid

  Gives the upper arm a rounded shape, responsible for lifting the arm above the breast
• Bicep

  Contracts during elbow flexing, involved in elbow bending actions, found at the front of the upper arm
• Tricep

  Contracts during elbow extension, works in harmony with the Bicep, involved in elbow straightening actions, found at the back of the upper arm
• Trapezius


  Lifts and braces the shoulder blade, attached to the head, neck and shoulder
• Latissimus Dorsi

  Abducts the arm and draws it forwards to rotate it inwards
• Pectoralis

  Works to adduct the arm and draw it forwards to rotate it inwards
• Abdominals

  Causes flexion and rotation at the trunk and hip
• Gluteal Muscles

  Pulls the leg backwards (extension at the hip), forms the buttocks
• Quadriceps

  Extension at the knee, group of 4 muscles found on the front of the upper leg
• Hamstrings

  Causes flexion at the knee
• Gastrocnemius

  Used to point the toes (plantar flexion)
• When muscles contract, they pull against the bones they are attached to