Bandura 1965

• what was his aim?

  see whether imitative aggression is more likely to occur if the model is seen to be rewarded for their aggression

  and to see if aggression is less likely to be imitated if they are seen punished for their aggression
• how many participants were there?

  33 boys and 33 girls
• how many models were there?

  1 male model called rocky
• how old were the participants?

  3 to 5 years old
• what was stage 1?

  • all participants watched a film of the model behaving aggressively
• what were the 3 endings to the film that the participants could have watched in stage 1

  • the model was rewarded verbally and given treats for aggressive behaviour
  • the model was punished for the aggressive behaviour - hit with rolled up paper
  • there was no consequence for the model
• what happened in stage 2?

  all the participants were observed and imitative aggression was recorded
• what happened in stage 3?

  all participants were then told that if they imitated the aggressive behaviour and verbal aggression of the model, they would be rewarded with treats and stickers
• what happened in stage 4?

  all participants were observed and imitative aggression was recorded again
• what were the results?

  • if no incentive for the behaviour - the ones that had seen the model rewarded they would have performed more imitative aggression than the ones seen someone punished
  • model rewarded>no consequence>punishment
• what were the results for the different genders?

  imitative aggression was higher in boys in all conditions
• what was the result for if an incentive was given?

  if an incentive was given then the imitative aggression is higher
• what happened to some of the aggressive acts?

  they weren't all imitated - could have been forgotten or overall too complex to be replicated
• what were some of the conclusions of the study?

  • some of the children were most likely unable to replicate all of the aggressive behaviours
  • children at this age were better learning physical aggression than verbal aggression
  • differences found between the genders may reflect how willing the boys are to learning the behaviours
• what was the generalisability of the study?

  equal number of male and female participants so the findings were not restrictive to gender
• what was bad about the generalisability?

  there was only a male model and cannot be generalised to a female model

  the participants were only 3 to 5 years old and therefore cannot be generalised to older adults and children
• what was positive about the reliability?

  good external reliability - highly standardised procedure. can be easily replicated bandura 61 and 63

  good internal reliability - same model for all the films shown and displayed the same aggressive behaviour in the film for the designated conditions
• what was the validity of the study?

  • artificial setting and so it lacks ecological validity
  • demand characterises as the prompt says that they will be rewarded or punished for the behaviour they may think they have to do that - but that was what they were measuring
• what are the applications for this?

  education and parenting can play a part in the behaviour of the child and the rewards seen to be given to those behaviours.

  censorship should be advised
• what are the ethics of the study?

  • informed consent - 3 to 5 years old they were under age and couldn't give Informed consent but the parents would have given them the consent they needed
  • protection of participants - they were being exposed to aggressive nature in the setting - could be withdrawn at any time