M4 - Cognitive Psychology

• Anterograde Amnesia


  A condition in which a person is unable to create new memories after an amnesia-inducing event. This may involve either partial or total inability to remember events that have happened.
• Retrograde Amnesia


  A loss of memory-access to events that occurred or information that was learned in the past. It is caused by an injury or the onset of a disease.
• Memory


  This is the process involved in retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present.
• In terms of function, declarative memory is specialized for fast processing and learning.
• Thisis an initial stage that holds all incoming information for seconds or fractions of a second.

  Sensory Memory
• This is the retention, for brief periods, of the effects of sensory stimulation. We can demonstrate this brief retention of the effects of visual stimulation with two familiar examples: the trail left by a moving sparkler and the experience of seeing a film.

  Sensory Memory
• This is devoted to the processing of names, dates, places, facts, events, and so forth. These are entities that are thought of as being encoded symbolically and that thus can be described with language.

  Declarative or Explicit Memory
• It holds 5-7 items for about 15-30 seconds.

  Short-term Memory
• It can hold a large amount of information for years or even decades.

  Long-term Memory
• A model proposed that memory can be understood as a sequence of discrete steps, in which information is transferred from one storage area to another. It is only a fraction of the information in short-term memory passes on to long-term memory

  Atkinson-Shiffrin Theory
• ___________ is the retention, for brief periods of time, of the effects of sensory stimulation. We can demonstrate this brief retention of the effects of visual stimulation with two familiar examples: the trail left by a moving sparkler and the experience of seeing a film.

  Sensory Memory
• The system involved storing small amounts of information for a brief period (Baddeley et al., 2009). Thus, whatever you are thinking about right now, or remember from what you have just read, is in your short-term memory.


  Short-Term Memory
• _______ is also involved when a person is asked to recollect life events, such as graduating from high school, or to recall facts they have learned, such as the capital of Nebraska.

  Recall
• A memory organizational strategy in which several small units are combined into larger units. It is knowlegde made up of smaller pieces of information.

  Chunking
• A strategy of combining small pieces of information, in short-term memory, to form a larger, meaningful unit of information that aids retrieval from long-term memory.

  Chunking
• This refers to the way information is represented.

  Coding
• This involves representing items in STM based on their sound.

  Auditory coding
• This is representing items in terms of their meaning.

  Semantic coding
• This involves representing items visually, as would occur when remembering the details of a floor plan or the layout of streets on a map.

  Visual coding