By the end of 2021, 173 of 195 countries (89 percent) had introduced rubella-containing vaccines (RCV) into national childhood immunization programs, and 93 (48 percent) of countries verified eliminating transmission of rubella
Acquired via inhalation of infectious large particle aerosols
Incubation period is typically 14 to 18 days (range 12 to 23 days)
Up to 50% of infections are subclinical
Individuals with infection may shed the virus and are potentially contagious for one week before to two weeks after the rash is noted
After entry into the upper respiratory tract, viral replication occurs within the nasopharyngeal mucosa and regional lymph nodes, followed by viraemia and spread to skin and other organs
Transmitted from person to person via the respiratory route (respiratory secretions, saliva), fomites
Young children are the main source of respiratory-acquired parvovirus B19
Incubation period one and two weeks but can be as long as three weeks
Patients are most contagious during the phase of active viral replication and viral shedding, which occurs approximately 5 to 10 days after exposure and usually lasts approximately 5 days
3. In the setting of transient aplastic crisis or chronic pure red cell aplasia, the diagnosis is made by detection of high levels of parvovirus B19 DNA through nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT)