UCSP

• Society may be defined as a collection of people in a specific territory who share the same norms, values, and culture
• Gender


  Constitutes one difference among members of society, and plays a role in determining how an individual would function in society
• Sex


  Biological differences that distinguish humans and other animals into two main categories: male and female
• Gender


  Encompasses all the social, cultural, psychological characteristics that a culture assigns to males and females
• The sex-gender system tells us how gender and gender roles are a product of one's biological sex
• Gender is more malleable and changing across societies, as different societies have varying definitions of masculinity and femininity
• Society propagates the definitions and characteristics of gender through socialization among different social groups
• Gender provides organization in society as it dictates which roles are to be assumed by males and females
• Socioeconomic class refers to a category that groups people with the similar economic, social, cultural, and political status
• Socioeconomic class not only considers income but also other factors such as occupation and education
• Socioeconomic class


  A category that groups people with similar economic, social, cultural, and political status
• Socioeconomic class is more complex and encompassing than economic status
• Economic status


  Ranking people based only on income in the family
• Prestigious occupations and higher educational attainment influence an individual's socioeconomic class categorization
• Caste system


  A system that determines one's social class and status in Indian society
• Higher caste members tend to have more job opportunities in the government than lower caste members
• Conceptions of socioeconomic classes may change as culture changes in a society
• Socioeconomic classes in colonial Philippines

  • Peninsulares (pure Spanish born in Spain)
  • Insulares (pure Spanish born in the Philippines)
  • Ilustrados (Filipinos who studied abroad)
  • Chinese mestizos
  • Indios (native Filipinos)
• Socioeconomic classes in contemporary Filipino society

  • Upper class
  • Middle class
  • Lower class
• Economic capital


  Financial resources an individual possesses
• Social capital


  An individual's network of social relations
• Cultural capital


  Knowledge, behaviors, and skills an individual has acquired to demonstrate cultural competence
• The three types of capital are interrelated and can be exchanged for one another
• Ethnicity refers to a specific group of people with similar characteristics and distinct cultural identity
• Race is a socially constructed category based on biological traits like skin color, facial features, and hair texture
• Race is based on biological characteristics while ethnicity is based on cultural traits
• Race tends to be more unitary while ethnicities tend to be diverse
• Religion is an aspect of an individual's ethnicity
• Animism


  Belief that spiritual forces reside in natural elements of the physical world
• Animism


  The belief that spiritual forces reside in natural elements of the physical world (e.g. trees, oceans, wind)
• Ethnicity


  • Propagates the idea of being one and the same with people whom you share cultural traits
  • Strengthens differences among ethnic and cultural groups
• Differences among ethnic groups may lead to conflict and issues
• Prejudice


  Faulty generalizations about an entire group of people that is based on little or no evidence
• Stereotype


  Oversimplified assumptions that describe a whole ethnic group
• Prejudices and stereotypes can instigate more intense conflict among different ethnic groups
• Minority group


  Collective groups of people who are singled out, distinguished, and treated as subordinates or inferior by the dominant or majority group, because of their physical or cultural characteristics
• Minority groups often experience different degrees of discrimination from the society in which they are a part of
• Minority groups are usually subject to discrimination in societies
• Disability is a term that refers to a condition wherein the loss of physical functioning (e.g. hearing, and vision), or impairments in intellectual, social, and mental processes hinder normal growth and development of an individual
• Exceptionality


  A concept that describes how an individual's specific abilities and functioning—physical, intellectual, or behavioral— are different from the established normal or typical qualities