How the police force is punished for discrepancies or lack of punishment
Issues such as discrimination and the lack of attention to certain types of crime
Affect of austerity on police culture:
Reiner identifies a cop culture with a number of core faucets
Mission action - Cynicism - pessimism
Suspicion
Isolation solidarity
Conservatism
racial prejudice
Pragmatism
Affect of politicisation on police culture:
The more conservative the prison system has become, the worse it has become. Prisons are extremely overpopulated and courts are backed up (strikes over wages etc) and some is down to policy made by the government.
Affect of modernisation on police culture:
Increasing police diversity (Chan) more women and ethnic minority officers.
Authors conclusion of police culture in 2019:
it is possible not to make a significant change in the structural conditions within policing
It is significant enough to have created a different contextual manifestation of police culture, and in doing so, challenges its monolithic credentials.