Unit 5 Geography- Agriculture and Rural Land

• Tropical Climate: warm throughout the year, humid and heavy precipitation.
• mediterranean climate: hot, dry summers, cold wet winters.
• intensive agriculture- large effort to produce maximum yield from a piece of land.
• extensive agriculture- agricultural system characterized by lower input of labor per unit land area.
• subsistence agriculture- the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family, found mostly in less developed countries.
• commercial agriculture-farming that focuses on producing agriculture produce for sale in the market rather than solely for subsistence purpose.
• market gardening- the small-scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers.
• mixed crops and livestock farming is when farmers grow crops and raise livestock on the same farm.
• plantation agriculture- the production of one or more usually cash on a large scale of land by clearing forest or land for farming specific crop.
• shifting cultivation- the practice of farming by clearing land doe farming by slashing vegetation and burning debris temporarily abandoned to allow vegetation to grow freely.
• nomadic herding- the seasonal movement of livestock align routes to region with available grazing land water sources.
• livestock ranching- a type of extensive commercial farming in which the livestock is allow to room over established area.
• rural settlements pattern- the spread of human settlements around an area
• clustered settlement-people living together or close to each other in a space or land.
• dispersed settlement- people living away from each other in an area.
• linear settlement- people living in a line having access to rivers, roads, and canal to sustain themself.
• metes and bounds- define the boundaries s of a piece of land based on the physical landscape, directions, and distance.
• long lot- land is divided into narrow lots perpendicular to a river, road, or canal.
• township and range- land is divided into six-mile square block and divide again into one-mile square block.
• hearth- the region from which innovation ideas originated.
• 1st agriculture revolution- the slow change from hunter and gather societies to more agriculture, based ones through the gradual understanding of seeds, watering, and plant care.
• the Columbian exchange- the term given to the transfer of plants, animals, disease, and technology between the old world from which Columbus came and the new world which he found.
• 2nd agricultural revolution- the increase technology from the industrial revolution as means t increase farm productivity through mechanization like fertilizers and pesticides.
• the green revolution- the development of higher-yield and fast-growing crop through increase technology, pesticide, and fertilizers,
• monocropping- the agricultural practice of growing a single crop year after year on the same land.
• big rent theory- the price of demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district increase.
• agribusiness- the set of economic and political relationship that organize food production for commercial purpose.
• commodity chain- a linked system of processes that gather resources, convert them into good, package them for Distibution, disperse them, and sell them on the market.
• economies of scale- the cost advantage experienced by a firm when it increases its level of output.
• von thunen model- predicts that humans will use land in relation to the cost of land and the cost of transportation production to market.
• cool chain- a temperature- controlled supply chain that is used to deliver products to customers in a timely manner.
• export commodities- a good or service produced in the home country and sold in another country.
• soil salinization- occurs when soil in an arid climate has been made available for an agricultural production using irrigation.
• deforestation- a destruction of forest or forested by humans or natural means.
• desertification- the process by which previously fertile land become arid and unusable for farming.
• conservation- the sustainable issues of earth's natural resources to meet human needs.
• slash and burn- the significant soil erosion and accompanying landslides, water contamination, and or dust cloud.
• terracing the environment- it decreases connectivity of overland flow, allow enchanting water infiltration and leading to an increase in soil moisture.
• irrigation alters- alters the water, carbon, and nitrogen budget in the cropland area.
• deforestation impact- forest loss and damage are cause of around 10% of global warming.