statistical infrequency- any behaviour that is statistically infrequent, so it is found in few people
2. deviation from social norms- not doing what the majority of society do, so someone who deviates from social norms
3. failure to function adequately- not being able to function adequately, so for example not being able to hold down a job
4. deviation from ideal mental health- not having ideal mental health, such a positive attitude should be at a good level, so that the individual feels happy with themselves, for example self- actualisation