M3 - Cognitive Psychology
Cards (35)
- The set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of the sensations we receive from environmental stimuli.
- An innate ability whilst perceptual adaptation and readjustment studies suggest it is a result of learning.
- It can be the result of environmental stimuli or based on previous learning/experience.
- He provided a useful framework for studying perception. He introduced the concepts of distal (external) object, informational medium, proximal stimulation, and perceptual object.
- These are objects and events out in the world about you.
- These are the patterns of stimuli from these objects and events that reach your senses.
- This principle states that people instinctively perceive objects as either being in the foreground or the background. They either stand out prominently in the front (the figure) or recede into the back (the ground).
- This principle states that things that are close together appear to be more related than things that are spaced farther apart.
- This principle states that when things appear to be similar to each other, we group them together. And we also tend to think they have the same function.
- This principle states that elements that are arranged on a line or curve are perceived to be more related than elements not on the line or curve.
- In other words, when you see an image that has missing parts, your brain will fill in the blanks and make a complete image so you can still recognize the pattern.
- This principle is highly related to proximity. It states that when objects are located within the same closed region, we perceive them as being grouped together.
- This principle states that whatever stands out visually will capture and hold the viewer’s attention first.
- Young infants (4 days–5 months old) were shown discs that either were blank or had features that resembled those of the human face in the correct position or jumbled up and showed a preference for the discs that most closely resembled the face. Fantz believed this supported the view that perception was innate and that a basic level of preference for social stimuli was developed even at this age.
- A ‘visual cliff’, which was actually a table top, was designed whereby a check pattern was placed under one side (shallow end) and on the floor beneath the top on the other (deep end). Results found that babies (61⁄2 –12 months old) were reluctant to crawl onto the deep side, thus supporting the idea that depth cues are innate because they are developed even at this age.
- Infants usually develop their sensory and motor abilities in the sensorimotor stage before the age of two and their subsequent interaction with the world aids the development of innate schemas. After this, they can form new schemas through the process of accommodation. Perception therefore occurs because it is influenced by the expectations that result from such schemas.
- Perception develops once distinctive features of objects can be transferred across situations and once they can be differentiated from irrelevant stimuli. Such differentiation tends to occur as a product of age.
- Describe approaches where perception starts with the stimuli whose appearance you take in through your eye.
- Template theories suggest that we have stored in our minds myriad sets of templates. Templates are highly detailed models for patterns we potentially might recognize.
- The information in our sensory receptors, including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything.
- The recognition-by-components theory explains our ability to perceive 3-D objects with the help of simple geometric shapes.
- According to this theory, perception comprises not merely a low-level set of cognitive processes, but actually a quite sophisticated set of processes that interact with and are guided by human intelligence.
- These are responsible for vision at low light levels (scotopic vision). They do not mediate color vision and have a low spatial acuity. The rods are responsible for night vision and are sensitive to light and dark stimuli.
- These are active at higher light levels (photopic vision), are capable of color vision, and are responsible for high spatial acuity. The central fovea is populated exclusively by cones. There are 3 types of cones which we will refer to as the short-wavelength sensitive cones, the middle-wavelength sensitive cones, and the long-wavelength sensitive cones or S-cone, M-cones, and L-cones for short. The cones are short and thick photoreceptors and allow for the perception of color. The light levels where both are operational are called mesopic.
- The colored area of your eye. Depending on your eye color, the iris might be any shade of blue, green, hazel, or brown.
- A clear layer that extends over the iris. Water and collagen make up the cornea. Your tears protect your cornea and keep it lubricated.
- The black circle which is an opening or window in the middle of your iris. It expands and contracts to control how much light gets into your eye.
- The white parts of your eye that surround the iris.
- A clear, thin tissue that covers the sclera and lines the inside of your eyelids.
- Sits behind the pupil. It focuses the light that comes into your eye and sends light to the back of your eye.
- A collection of cells that line the inside of the back of your eye. Part of your nervous system, the retinas sense light and convert it into electrical impulses or neural signals. The retina has rods (cells that help you see in low light) and cones (cells that detect color).
- A small area that’s part of the retina. It’s responsible for central vision and helping you see fine details and color.
- Behind the retina. It carries signals from the retina to your brain which then interprets that visual information to tell you what you are seeing.
- Control your eye’s position and movement, how much light gets into your eye, and your eyes’ ability to focus.
- A transparent gel that fills your entire eye. It protects and maintains the shape of the eye.