PART 2

• Normative age


  graded influences are strongly related to chronological age and are similar for individuals in a specific age group, such as the biological processes of puberty and menopause and the sociocultural processes of transitioning to different levels of formal education or to retirement.
• Normative history


  graded influences are common to people in a certain age cohort or generation because they have been uniquely exposed to similar historical circumstances
• Normative life events


  are the unusual or unique circumstances, positive or negative, that are turning points in individuals’ lives that cause them to change direction, such as a house fire, serious injury in an accident, winning the lottery, divorce, or an unexpected career opportunity.
• Dependence 


  is characteristic of the infant and young child, who are totally dependent on others for direction, support, and nurturance from a physical, emotional, and intellectual standpoint
• Independence


  occurs when a child develops the ability to physically, intellectually, and emotionally care for himself or herself and make his or her own choices, including taking responsibility for learning.
• Interdependence


  occurs when an individual has sufficiently advanced in maturity to achieve self-reliance, a sense of self-esteem, and the ability to give and receive, and when that individual demonstrates a level of respect for others.
• Pedagogy


  is the art and science of helping children to learn
• object permanence


  recognition that objects and events exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched
• Causality


  refers to the ability to grasp a cause-and-effect relationship between two paired, successive events
• Precausal thinking


  allows young children to understand that people can make things happen
• animistic thinking


  the tendency to endow inanimate objects with life and consciousness
• Children’s attribution of the cause of illness to the consequences of their own transgressions is known as egocentric causation
• Andragogy


  theory of adult learning, is the art and science of teaching adults.
• Ageism


  Describes prejudice against the older generation
• Geragogy


  The teaching of older persons
• Crystallized intelligence


  is the intelligence absorbed over a lifetime, such as vocabulary, general information, understanding social interactions, arithmetic reasoning, and ability to evaluate experiences.
• Fluid intelligence


  is the capacity to perceive relationships, to reason, and to perform abstract thinking. This kind of intelligence declines as degenerative changes occur.
• conservation


  the ability to recognize that the properties of an object stay the same even though its appearance and position may change