lesson 6

• WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIRECT QUOTES, PARAPHRASING, CITING AND REFERENCING?

  You'll need quoting, paraphrasing, citing and referencing to use work produced by other people in your

  assignments and support or challenge your arguments. You'll use a combination of these steps in your studies so

  it's important to understand the differences between them.
• Quoting


  Copying the exact words of the original text, using quotation marks and the author's name, for example, when taken from a book or an article on a reading list
• Paraphrasing


  Rephrasing and shortening the original text into your own words without using quotation marks, then writing the author's surname, year of publication
• Citing


  Writing the author's surname, year of publication and, for direct quotations, page number to show where you found your direct quotation or paraphrased information
• Referencing


  Refers to publications included in the list of references at the end
• COMPARING SUMMARIZING, PARAPHRASING, AND DIRECT QUOTING

  The table below lists the similarities and differences among the three skills.

  
• SUMMARIZING

  Does not match the source

  word for word

  • Involves putting the main

  idea(s) into your own words,

  but including only the main

  point(s)

  • Presents a broad overview,

  so is usually much shorter

  than the original text

  • Must be attributed to the

  original source
• PARAPHRASING

  • Does not match the source

  word for word

  • Involves putting a passage

  from a source into your own

  words

  • Changes the words or

  phrasing of a passage, but

  retains and fully

  communicates the original

  meaning

  • Must be attributed to the

  original source
• DIRECT QUOTING

  • Matches the source word for

  word

  • Is usually a short part of the

  text

  • Cited part appears between

  quotation marks

  • Must be attributed to the

  original source
• The above samples of paraphrase and summary show that the original text is rewritten based on the

  message conveyed and ideas presented by the author. Less of the original words is presented in the summary, and

  the source is properly cited. In the paraphrase, all the ideas in the original text are still mentioned, but the wording

  and structure are completely different.
• WHEN TO USE PARAPHRASING, SUMMARIZING, AND DIRECT QUOTING

  
• Paraphrasing

  Paraphrase a short text with

  one or two sentences or a

  paragraph with a maximum of

  five sentences

  2. Paraphrase when you want to...

  1. avoid or minimize direct

  quotation; or

  b. rewrite the author’s words

  by not changing the

  message or use your own

  words to state the author’s

  ideas.
• Summarizing

  Summarize a text that has long

  sections (e.g., a page or chapter

  of a book or the book itself; a

  paragraph of an essay or the

  essay itself)

  2. Summarize when you want to...

  1. avoid or minimize direct

  quotation; or use the main

  idea of the text and write it

  in your own words.
• Direct Quoting

  Quote a text that conveys

  powerful message or will show

  less impact if it is paraphrased

  or summarized (e.g.,

  Constitution, government

  documents, philosophies, or

  other scholarly materials)

  2. Quote directly when you want

  to...

  1. begin your discussion with

  the author’s stand; or

  b. highlight the author’s

  expertise in your claim,

  argument, or discussion.
• GUIDELINES IN PARAPHRASING

  1. Read the text and understand its meaning. Do not stop reading until you understand the message

  conveyed by the author.

  2. Use a pen to underline or highlight the key words or main idea of the text.

  3. Recall the key words or main idea of the text that you highlighted when you read it.

  4. Write in your own words what you understood about the ideas in the text.

  5. Get the original text and compare it with your paraphrase.

  6. Check the meaning. Remember, your paraphrase should have the same meaning as the original text.
• Check the sentence structure

  The sentence structure of your paraphrase should be different from the original text
• Refrain from adding comments about the text
• Stick to the ideas presented in the text
• Compare your output to the original text to ensure its accuracy and remove redundant ideas
• Record details of the original source (author's name/s, date of publication, title, publisher, place of publishing, and URL [if on-line])
• Format your paraphrase properly
• When you combine your paraphrase in a paragraph, use different formats to show variety in writing just like in summarizing
• GUIDELINES IN DIRECT QUOTING

  Reminder: Direct quoting should not be used to replace paraphrasing or summarizing.

  1. Copy exactly the part of the text that you want to use.

  2. Use quotation marks to show the beginning and ending of the quote.

  3. Record the details of the original source (author’s name/s, date of publication, title, publisher, place of

  publishing, and URL [if on-line] and page number/s). Indicating the page number/s is necessary in citing

  sources in quoting.

  4. Format your quotation properly. If your direct quotation is at least 40 words, it should be indented.
• USING REPORTING VERBS WHEN PARAPHRASING AND DIRECT QUOTING

  Reporting verbs are also used in paraphrasing and direct quoting to integrate your sources in the text.

  Follow the same guidelines as with summarizing when incorporating reporting verbs in your paraphrase and direct

  quotations.