STS PRELIMS

• Three-age system


  System introduced in the early 19th century by Christian Jurgensen Thomsen to classify artifacts based on the materials from which they were made
• Three chronologically successive prehistoric periods

  • Stone Age
  • Bronze Age
  • Iron Age
• Stone Age


  Period of weapons made of stone, wood, bone, or some other material aside from metal
• Subdivisions of the Stone Age

  • Paleolithic Period
  • Mesolithic Period
  • Neolithic Period
• Paleolithic Period


  • Longest phase of human history (2.5 mya-10,000 BC)
  • Humans evolved from ape-like creatures to Homo sapiens
  • They were hunter-gatherers
  • They used tools made of stones, flints, bones, and antlers
  • They lived in small bands and were either nomadic or semi-nomadic
• Subdivisions of the Paleolithic Period

  • Lower Paleolithic Period
  • Middle Paleolithic Period
  • Upper Paleolithic Period
• Lower Paleolithic Period


  • Characterized by the development of simple tools, including stone choppers, believed to have been made more than a million years ago by Australopithecus
  • Tools were either of the core or flake types
• Middle Paleolithic Period


  • Involved the Neanderthal man
  • Neanderthals used fire, stone tools of flake types for hunting, and bone implements such as needles
  • Evidence of painting of the dead before burial suggests religious practice
• Upper Paleolithic Period


  • Various Homo sapiens cultures dominated
  • Characterized by communal hunting, extensive fishing, supernatural beliefs, cloth sewing, sculpture, painting, and making personal ornaments
  • Pit houses, the first man-made dwellings, were built
  • Paleolithic art arose after cave walls were decorated with carvings and paintings
• Mesolithic Period


  • Gradual change in the way humans lived due to the retreat of glaciers and the growth of forests and deserts
  • People began to make pottery and use bows
  • Gradual transition from food gathering to food production
  • They made use of smaller and more delicate stone tools known as microliths
• Neolithic Period


  • Based primarily on agriculture
  • Characterized by wide domestication of plants and animals, use of stone tools, and pottery and weaving in numerous settled villages
  • Agriculture continued to expand across inhabited regions of the world giving rise to a variety of urban civilizations
  • Ended with the introduction of metal tools
• Bronze Age


  • Tools were widely made with copper or bronze
  • Achieved through metal extraction from ore (smelting) and melting and pouring it into a mold for shaping
  • Smelting was originally done with copper, but a harder and stronger one could be made by blending copper and tin
• Iron Age


  • Included materials made of iron
  • Began when smelting pits made of sufficient advancement to produce higher temperatures that could smelt iron ore
• Major developments in Science and Technology during the Middle Ages

  • Paper - for writing and wall decor
  • Seismograph - vibration sensitive device for earthquake detection
  • Mechanical clock
  • Wheel barrow
  • Gun powder
  • Magnetic compass
  • Horse collar
• Major scientific contributions during the Scientific Revolution

  • Heliocentric model by Nicholas Copernicus
  • Law of Planetary Motion by Johannes Kepler
  • Work of Motion by Galileo Galilei
  • Laws of Motion by Isaac Newton
  • Law of Universal Gravitation by Isaac Newton
• Heliocentric model


  Model describing the sun as the center of the universe and all the planets revolving around it in circles
• Law of Planetary Motion


  States that all planets revolve around the sun in an elliptical, not circular, orbit, and that closer planets to the sun move faster than the others
• Work of Motion by Galileo Galilei


  • Involved the discovery of the relations among distance, velocity, and acceleration using a new scientific approach
• Steps in Galileo's scientific approach


  • Definition of concepts
  • Expression of the relationship of concepts
  • Giving a precise hypothesis
  • Deduction of consequences from a hypothesis
  • Experimentation to test the consequences
  • Analysis in terms of an abstract and ideal situation
• Laws of Motion by Isaac Newton

  • Law of Inertia (1st law of motion)
  • Law of Acceleration (2nd law of motion)
  • Law of Interaction (3rd law of motion)
• Law of Universal Gravitation


  States that a particle in the universe attracts every other universal particle using a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely to the square of the distance between their centers
• Industrial Revolution


  Period that covers the complex technological innovation that led to the substitution of machines and inanimate power for human skill and human and animal forces
• Technological advancements during the Industrial Revolution

  • Steam ship
  • Bunsen burner
  • Telephone
  • Radio
  • Cotton gin
  • Fly-shuttle