lesson 5 part 2

• Dipterocarpus grandiflorus (Apitong)Apitong wood is frequently employed as structural timber and is notably utilized domestically in the U.S. for trailer decking. It stands as a key type of framework wood extensively employed in construction within Malaysia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and other Southeast Asian nations where these species naturally thrive. wood exhibits heavy and hardness, with resistance against dry wood borers and a fair level of resistance to fungi.
• Intsia bijuga (Ipil)


  is a native and endangered tree species in the Philippines, thrives in environments with partial to full sunlight exposure and displays resilience to drought. Its wood is highly esteemed as valuable timber, commonly utilized in heavy construction and furniture crafting.
• Pterocarpus indicus (Narra)Narra stands as the foremost and among the most costly lumbers in the Philippines, revered as a national tree
• Vitex parviflora (Molave)


  holds significant importance as a prized native tree in the Philippines, valued for its high quality. Its lumber is predominantly utilized in crafting premium furniture,
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  Shorea astylosa, commonly referred to as Yakal in Filipino, is native to the Philippines and exclusive to the region. typically grows into a medium to large-sized tree
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  Petersianthus quadrialatus, also known as Toog or Philippine Rosewood, is a towering tree species found in the emergent layer of tropical rainforests.Indigenous to the southeastern Philippines medicinal properties, notably effective in treating skin irritations and rashes
• Macrostructure of timber


  • Pith- Innermost part
  • Heart wood- portion around pith, dark
  • Sapwood- outer annual rings, indicates growth
  • Cambium layer- contains sap
  • Inner bark- protects cambium
  • Outer bark- outermost layer of the tree section
  • Medullary rays- rays extending from pith to cambium layer
• General process of obtaining timber

  1. Felling

  2. Storing / Transporting

  3. Methods of Sawing timber
• Plain Sawn


  Quick to produce and has little waste associated with it. Most common, least expensive
• Quarter Sawn


  Created by sawing the log into quarters. Boards are then sawn off the top parts of the faces of each quarter, cutting through the growth rings at about a 90 degree angle
• Rift Sawn


  If we continue sawing boards off the faces of the quartered log, we get rift sawn boards, which are differentiated by the fact that the growth rings on the outer edge of the log are different from those nearer the pith. Most expensive
• Methods of Seasoning timber

  • Natural Seasoning
  • Artificial Seasoning
• Natural Seasoning


  Timber is seasoned by subjecting it to the natural elements such as air or water. Natural seasoning may be water seasoning or air seasoning.
• Artificial Seasoning

  • Kiln Drying
  • Seasoning by Boiling
  • Chemical Seasoning
  • Electrical Seasoning
• Pressure Process


  Involves using a high-pressure vessel to force preservative chemicals into the cellular structure of wood.
• Advantages of timber

  • Easy and quick to built
  • Cost
  • Great insulator
  • Recyclable
  • Eco sustainable
  • Weight
  • Structural strength
• Disadvantages of timber

  • Fire resistance
  • Mouldiness
  • Discoloration
  • Swelling and shrinking
• • Knots- Dead knots(damaged branch), Live knots(small, do not pose significant defects)
• • Twist- rotation
• • Shakes- defects on rings. Star(bark to pith), cup/ring(align with ring), heart shakes(pith to bark)
• • Rind galls- abnormal growth
• • Upsets- tree underwent crushing