W1

• State 

  • Defined as a territory with its own government and borders enjoying freedom from external control.
  • Inclined with Politics
  • Political community formed by a territorial population which is subject to one government.
• • PEOPLE - inhabitants of the state
  • TERRITORY - fixed portion of the surface of the earth
  • GOVERNMENT - the agency through w/c the will of the state is formulated, expressed and carried out
  • SOVEREIGNTY - the supreme power of the state to command
• Nation

  • Community of people formed in the basis of a combination of shared features such as language, history, ethnicity, culture, and/or territory.
  • Inclined with Culture
• • Theories on the origin of a nation:

  • Divine Right – created by God

  • Paternal Theory – growth of the family

  • Social Contract – agreed by all for the common benefit

  • Force Theory – established through use of force
• Government

  • It is the government that laws are made, and policies and programs for the state are formulated. 
  • In the absence of a government, there will be no organized society. There would be no one to enact laws and see to it that they are implemented accordingly.
  • Should follow the doctrine of parens patriae (parent of the nation), the government is the legal protector and guardian of the people.
• Forms of Government

  Democracy – power directed to people

  Monarchy – ruled by kings, queens, etc. Either absolute or limited.

  Aristocracy/Oligarchy – ruled by the few elite

  Dictatorial/Authoritarian – power rests on a single person and people do not enjoy freedom.

  Presidential – head of state and government is the president, the legislative and executive are independent, and the executive is directly accountable to people.

  Parliamentary – head of government is the 

  prime minister, executive is not independent from the legislative, and the executive is directly accountable to the Parliament.
• Three Branches of the Government                      

  Legislative – enact, amend, or repeal laws.

  Executive – administration of laws and state.

  Judiciary – interprets the law.
• • BANDS AND TRIBES

  • Several families living together usually have a common interest or enemy
  • Prevalent during the ancient times
  • Leaders possess certain skills and knowledge

  A band that survives fissioning and social velocity eventually becomes a tribe.

  • A tribe is organized in the form of councils or elders or a village headman
• CHIEFDOMS

  • A more refined form of bands and tribes
  • Ruled by a paramount chief from an elite family
  • Hierarchical
  • Class mobility
  • It may be either simple (central village with a ruling family) or complex (several simple chiefdoms)
• POLITICAL LEGITIMACY AND AUTHORITY

  •  Authority is the power to make binding decisions and issue commands.
  • Legitimacy is a moral and ethical concept that bestows one who possesses power the right to exercise such power sinch such is perceived to be justified and power.
• WEBER AND THE TYPES OF LEGITIMATE 

  AUTHORITY

  • Traditional authority – derived from well-established customs, habits, and social structures.
  • Charismatic authority – legitimacy emanates from the charisma of the individual, which for some can be seen as a “gift of grace”, or the possession of “gravitas” or an authority derived from a “higher power”.
  • Rational-legal authority – draws its legitimacy from formal rules promulgated by the state through its fundamental and implementing laws.
• Non-market Institutions

  • Reciprocity
  • Transfer
  • Redistribution
• Reciprocity

  Exchange of goods or labor between individuals in a community
• Transfer

  Redistribution of income that is not matched by actual exchange of goods and services
• Redistribution

  Combination of both transfer and reciprocity
• Market Institutions

  • Allows the free flow of good between and among private individuals and firms with very limited participation from the government
  • Market and prices serve as mechanism and devices to put value on the different goods and services and may augment people to buy or not
  • Specialization is critical to take advantage of humans' unique skills and abilities
• Non-market Institutions

  • Reciprocity
  • Transfer
  • Redistribution
• Reciprocity

  An exchange of goods or labor between individuals in a community
• Non-market Institutions

  • Reciprocity
  • Transfer
  • Redistribution
• Transfer

  A redistribution of income that is not matched by actual exchange of goods and services
• Redistribution

  The combination of both transfer and reciprocity
• Reciprocity

  Exchange of goods or labor between individuals in a community
• Transfer

  Redistribution of income that is not matched by actual exchange of goods and services
• Market Institutions

  • Allows the free flow of good between and among private individuals and firms with very limited participation from the government
  • Market and prices serve as mechanism and devices to put value on the different goods and services and may augment people to buy or not
  • Specialization is critical to take advantage of humans' unique skills and abilities
• Redistribution

  Combination of both transfer and reciprocity
• Market Institutions

  • Allows the free flow of good between and among private individuals and firms with very limited participation from the government
  • Market and prices serve as mechanism and devices to put value on the different goods and services and may augment people to buy or not
  • Specialization is critical to take advantage of humans' unique skills and abilities
• Market Economy

  • not organized by a central authority
  • therefore, price of goods ann services are determined by th supply and demand.
  • governments play a minor role in the irection of economic activity through taxes and regulation