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• Mobile Computing


  A technology that allows transmission of data, voice and video via a computer or any other wireless enabled device without having to be connected to a fixed physical link
• Components of Mobile Computing

  • Mobile Hardware
  • Mobile Software
  • Mobile Communication
• Mobile Hardware


  • Small and portable computing devices with the ability to retrieve and process data
• Mobile Software


  • Software developed specifically to be run on mobile hardware
• Mobile Communication


  • The exchange of data and voice using existing wireless networks
• Principles of Mobile Computing


  • Portability
  • Connectivity
  • Interactivity
  • Individuality
• Portability


  Devices/nodes connected within the mobile computing system should facilitate mobility
• Connectivity


  This defines the Quality of Service (QoS) of the network connectivity
• Interactivity


  The nodes belonging to a mobile computing system are connected with one another to communicate and collaborate through active transactions of data
• Individuality


  A mobile device user has a set of unique characteristics and constraints which must be considered when performing computing tasks
• Limitations of Mobile Computing

  • Limited Battery Life
  • Limited Processing Power and Storage
  • Small Screen Size and Interface Constraints
  • Network Dependence and Connectivity Issues
  • Security and Privacy Concerns
• Limited Battery Life


  Mobile devices typically have limited battery capacity, leading to frequent recharging and constraints on usage duration
• Limited Processing Power and Storage

  Mobile devices often have less processing power and storage capacity compared to desktop computers, limiting their ability to handle resource-intensive tasks and store large amounts of data
• Small Screen Size and Interface Constraints

  Mobile devices typically have smaller screens and limited input options, which can hinder user experience and productivity, especially for complex tasks
• Network Dependence and Connectivity Issues

  Mobile computing heavily relies on network connectivity, making it vulnerable to disruptions, signal fluctuations, and bandwidth limitations, which can affect data access and application performance
• Security and Privacy Concerns


  Mobile devices are susceptible to security threats such as malware, phishing attacks, and data breaches due to their ubiquitous connectivity and storage of sensitive information
• Mobile Generations & other Mobile Communication Technologies

  • 1G
  • 2G
  • 3G
  • 4G
  • 5G
  • SMS
  • MMS
  • GSM
  • CDMA
  • WiFi
  • Infrared
  • Bluetooth

  
• 1G


  The foundations for today's modern mobile networks were laid as early as the 1940s with early car phone services, but it would take some time for the technology itself to develop for personal use. These early mobile networks that we would now refer to as 1G, used analogue technology and examples included AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System) in the United States and the NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone) System in Europe. 1G was primarily designed for voice calls and the technology itself was much simpler when compared with later generations. 1G networks had several limitations, the analogue technology provided limited capacity and relatively poor call quality.

  
• 2G


  The 1990s witnessed the emergence of 2G mobile networks, which marked a significant leap forward from the limitations of their 1G predecessors. 2G networks adopted digital transmission methods, bringing about a host of improvements that revolutionised the mobile telecommunications industry. The use of digital signals made 2G networks much more efficient allowing for a greater number of concurrent calls and users on the network. This improved capacity as well as developments in reducing the physical size and cost of mobile phones were crucial in the explosion of demand for mobile services.

  
• 3G


  As we stepped into the new millennium, 3G networks were introduced, ushering in the era of mobile internet. The third generation of mobile communication brought faster data speeds, enabling users to browse the web, send emails, and access basic multimedia content on their phones. This breakthrough laid the foundation for various mobile applications and services, transforming mobile devices into powerful tools for information and entertainment.

  
• 4G


  4G is the fourth generation of cellular technology and has been around since 2010. The first generation was 1G, which used analog signals to transmit voice calls and text messages. 2G saw the introduction of digital networks and data transmissions, enabling faster speeds than its predecessor. 3G brought higher data rates through wider bandwidths and support for more devices at once; 4G took these improvements further by increasing maximum speeds even more (to 100 Mbps) while also reducing latency times.

  
• 5G: More Than Just Faster Internet

  • Massive IoT Connectivity
  • Mission-Critical Applications
  • Enhanced Mobile Experiences
  • Energy Efficiency and Sustainability
• Massive IoT Connectivity


  The Internet of Things (IoT) is set to flourish with 5G. The new generation's ability to connect a massive number of devices simultaneously will lead to smart cities, smart homes, and an interconnected ecosystem that will change how we interact with our surroundings. From smart appliances to autonomous vehicles, 5G will be the backbone of a fully connected world.
• Mission-Critical Applications


  5G's ultra-reliable, low-latency communication (URLLC) opens up possibilities for mission-critical applications, such as remote surgery, autonomous driving, and industrial automation. These applications demand real-time responsiveness and utmost reliability, and 5G provides the robustness required to support them.
• Enhanced Mobile Experiences


  With augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) becoming more prevalent, 5G will drive immersive experiences to new heights. The combination of high-speed data and low latency will enable seamless AR/VR applications, transforming entertainment, education, and various industries
• Energy Efficiency and Sustainability


  Despite its impressive capabilities, 5G is designed to be more energy-efficient compared to its predecessors. This energy optimization is essential for the future, as it aligns with the growing focus on sustainability and reducing the environmental impact of technology.
• SMS


  SMS, which stands for Short Message Service, is a text-based communication service. It is used to send messages to mobile devices. SMS can be used on all mobile devices, and it's not encrypted. This means that anyone can read the content of your SMS message if they get their hands on it. Don't expect privacy when you're using SMS!
• MMS


  MMS stands for Multimedia Messaging Service. MMS is a text message that contains multimedia content, such as pictures and videos. These messages can be sent between phones (or from a phone to a computer) and are most commonly used on cellular networks. The most common media types include pictures, sounds, and images such as GIFs or memes (see: Texting Trends). You can also send videos in your MMS messages!
• GSM


  GSM stands for the Global System for Mobile Communications. It's a type of mobile network that uses a technology called Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM). The GSM network is used by more than 80% of mobile phone users to make calls, send text messages and browse the internet. A GSM network comprises two main parts: the MSC (Mobile Switching Center) and BTS (Base Transceiver Station). The MSC handles all incoming and outgoing calls, while the BTS handles radio frequency transmission between towers within a limited range.
• CDMA


  CDMA stands for Code Division Multiple Access, or CDMA. CDMA is a wireless technology standard that allows multiple users to simultaneously use the same frequency band. This is unlike other technologies, such as TDMA and GSM, in which each user is assigned a specific frequency band. Only one user can communicate at any given time on that specific frequency.
• WiFi


  Wi-Fi is a family of technologies that allows electronic devices to exchange data or connect to the Internet wirelessly using radio waves. Wi-Fi is an IEEE 802.11 standard that defines the use of radio frequencies (RF) in the 2.4 gigahertz (GHz) band and 5 GHz band for telecommunication applications such as wireless local area network (WLAN), Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN), and Local area network (LAN).
• Infrared


  • Remote Controls
  • Printer
  • Smartphones
  • Etc..
• Infrared


  Infrared (IR) is a wireless mobile technology used for device communication over short ranges. IR communication has major limitations because it requires line-of-sight, has a short transmission range and is unable to penetrate walls. IR transceivers are quite cheap and serve as short-range communication solutions.
• Bluetooth


  Bluetooth is used for short-range wireless voice and data communication. It is a Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) technology and is used for data communications over smaller distances.
• Bluetooth Types


  • In-Car Headset
  • Stereo Headset
  • Webcam
  • Bluetooth-equipped Printer
  • Bluetooth Global Positioning System (GPS)
• In-Car Headset


  One can make calls from the car speaker system without the use of mobile phones.
• Stereo Headset


  To listen to music in car or in music players at home.
• Webcam


  One can link the camera with the help of Bluetooth with their laptop or phone.
• Bluetooth-equipped Printer


  The printer can be used when connected via Bluetooth with mobile phone or laptop.
• Bluetooth Global Positioning System (GPS)


  To use Global Positioning System (GPS) in cars, one can connect their phone with car system via Bluetooth to fetch the directions of the address.