homeostasis

• insulin - made by pancreas, tells your body to change glucose into gycogen
• glucose - sugar used in respiration to make energy
• glycogen - storage substance made of glucose, it is stored in the liver. it is a polymer of glucose
• glucagon - hormone that changes glycogen in the liver back to glucose. also made by pancreas.
• diabetes - condition where blood glucose is unable to be controlled.
• The pancreas detects high levels of blood glucose and secretes insulin. The insulin turns the glucose into glycogen which is absorbed into the muscles and stored in the liver. This means that muscles require more release of energy. This decreases blood glucose levels. When the pancreas detects low levels of blood glucose and secretes glucagon into the blood. The glucagon converts the glycogen back into glucose into the blood. This causes blood sugar to increase.
• In type 1 diabetes, the patient must inject themselves with insulin daily. They need to monitor their own blood glucose levels using a meter. They may have to adjust their diet and exercise routine. In type 2 diabetes, patients will often take tablets containing metformin. These reduce the amount of glucose produced by the liver and improve how much glucose is taken up from the blood by muscle and fat cells. Patients may also need to monitor their blood glucose levels and adjust their diets and lifestyles accordingly.
• how does the hypothalamus detect a change in the body temperature?

  the hypothalamus contains receptors that are sensitive to the blood temperature in the brain. it also received impulses from receptors in the skin that provide information about the external temperature.
• vasodilation: the blood vessels expand and are closer the surface of the skin, allowing heat to be lost more easily.
• vasoconstriction: the blood vessels near the surface of the skin constrict (narrow). it means less blood flows near the surface, so less energy is transferred to the surroundings.
• when you're too hot

  • erector muscles relax, so hairs lie flat
  • sweating (loss of water and salts), when sweat evaporates it transfers energy from your skin to the environment, cooling you down.
  • vasodilayion
• when you're cold

  • erector muscles contract, hairs stand on end
  • shivering
  • vasoconstriction
• kidney

  nephron:

  A) proximal convoluted tubule

  B) distal convoluted tubule

  C) bowman's capsule

  D) glomerulus

  E) collecting duct

  F) loop of henle