PPT

• Quasars (Quasi-stellar radio sources)


  • Luminous and far celestial objects in the universe that are detected due to the large electromagnetic radiation that they emit
  • They are thought to be powered by supermassive black holes at the centers of galaxies
• The first stars were massive and luminous that their formation lead to the production and dispersion of heavier elements which lead to the formation of the solar system today
• This quasar is so far from Earth that its light took billions of years to travel here
• Protogalaxies


  Star-forming system is much smaller and less organized than the modern galaxy
• Jeans mass


  Minimum mass that a clump of gas must have to collapse under its gravity
• Protogalaxies do not contain significant amounts of any elements besides hydrogen and helium
• Formation of protogalaxies


  1. Clouds of gas and dust that slowly aggregates to form more matter

  2. As they evolve, they will begin to merge with each other and form larger structures like the galaxy that we know today
• Star formation


  • Microphysics
  • Macrophysics
• Types of stars by mass

  • Less Massive Stars
  • Massive Stars
  • Most Massive Stars
• Our solar system is made up of a star, eight planets and countless smaller bodies such as dwarf planets, asteroids and comets
• Order of planets in the solar system

  • Mercury
  • Venus
  • Earth
  • Mars
  • Jupiter
  • Saturn
  • Uranus
  • Neptune
• How planets form


  1. Small objects in space coalesce and form planet precursors called planetesimals

  2. Planetesimals gather together due to common gravity and form a planet
• Terrestrial planets


  • Made of rocky material
  • Solid surface
  • No ring systems
  • Few moons
  • Relatively small
• Mercury


  • Known as a shrinking planet because its iron core is slowly cooling causing it to affect the planet's overall size to decrease
  • Does not contain an atmosphere, just a thin layer of exosphere
• Venus


  • Maxwell Montes (volcano that is almost as high as Mt. Everest)
  • Rain is made up of Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4)
  • Reflects 70% of all the sunlight that reaches the planet
• Earth


  • Only planet known to sustain life
  • Because of its distance from the Sun, it is able to contain water in all of its form
  • Life on Earth first began in the oceans in the form of microorganisms
• Mars


  • Has the same seasons as the Earth but these seasons last longer
  • Gravity is weaker compared to Earth
  • Atmosphere is mostly composed of carbon dioxide
• Jovian planets


  • Multiple moons
  • No solid surface
  • Has ring systems
  • Large in size
• Jupiter


  • Largest planet in the solar system
  • Contains 79 moons
  • The Great Red Spot is the most iconic feature (a crimson brown storm raging for 300 years)
• Saturn


  • Lightest planet (less dense than water)
  • Its largest storm is located on its north pole and has a hexagonal shape
  • Ring system is composed of icy remnants of comets, asteroids and moons
• Uranus


  • Coldest planet
  • Rotates vertically along its equator
  • Contains 13 rings and 27 moons
• Neptune


  • Cold, dark and icy due to its far distance from the Sun
  • Contains 6 rings and 14 moons
  • Triton is Neptune's largest moon
• Pluto


  • Dwarf planet
  • Structure: core, mantle, crust
  • Contains 5 moons
• The 4 characteristics of a planet are: orbit the Sun, not a moon, enough mass to be round, able to clear orbit of debris

  
• Nuclear fusion


  Combination of two or more atomic nuclei to form one or more new atomic nuclei
• Nuclear fission


  Breakdown of a nuclei into two or more separate nuclei
• Nucleosynthesis


  The process of forming a new atomic nuclei from existing smaller nuclei