L1 and L2

• What is paragraph?

  1. a self concept unit of writing that consists of one or more sentences focused on a single topic or main idea
  2. serves as a fundamental building block of longer pieces of writing such as essay, reports, articles, and series
  3. building blocks of essay
  4. topic sentence and supporting details
• Signal Words are called transition words or transitional phrases. are word or phrases used to connect ideas, sentences, and paragraph within a piece of writing
• Patterns of Paragraph Development

  • are logical arrangement of ideas,
  • refer to different strategies or approaches writers use to organize and present their ideas within a piece of writing, and
  • help writers effectively convey their message and engage their readers
• Narration, a type of paragraph that consist a sequence of events, not necessarily arrange in chronological order, told by a narrator, happening a particular place at particular time
• A Narration are writers tells a story or recount a series of events
• Narration


  often used in fiction, memoirs, personal essays, and anecdotal writing
• Definition


  using this develop an idea, helps to clarify, and explain concepts by answering the question "What does it mean?"
• Definition

  explains the information using illustration, examples, and descriptions
• Exemplification


  presents the general statement and these provides specific and concrete examples to expound on the main ideas
• Exemplification


  used to provide an example of something
• A Description paragraph basically provides details on the idea by using either a sensing, spatial pattern

  Sensory pattern - ideas are arranged based on one or all of the five senses

  Spatial pattern - arranges ideas by location or physical space
• Compare and Contrast


  organizes ideas based on how the events, places, people, things, and concepts are similar to or different from one another
• Two ways on how ideas can be arranged in Compare and Contrast Paragraph

  1. Separately - involves describing one item first followed by the second item
  2. side-by-side - which means discussing both items based on each point of comparison
• Classification and Division


  organizes ideas into categories or divisions based on criteria or standards
• Classification and Division


  can be used when clarifying people, things, places, and other items
• Cause and Effect


  organizes details based on the cause, the reason, and the result, or consequences of a certain phenomenon
• Cause and Effect


  many discuss both the cause and effects, the causes only, or the effects only
• Cause and Effect

  1. focuses on the purpose of the text
  2. the relationship between causes and effects
  3. the potential casual fallacies
• Ad Hominem


  This fallacy occurs when someone attacks the person making the argument rather than addressing the argument itself

  
  

  "You can't trust John's argument about the climate change because he's not a scientist."
• Appeal to Authority


  This fallacy involves appealing to authority of someone who is not an expert on the topic at hand

  
  

  "You should buy this brand of sneakers because your favorite athlete wears them."
• Straw Man


  in this fallacy, someone misrepresents their opponent's argument to make it easier to attack

  
  

  "A: We should introduce stricter regulations on sugary drinks to combat obesity

  B: So you want to ban all sugary foods and drinks and control what people eat?"
• False Cause


  this fallacy assumes that because one event occurred before another event, it must have caused it

  
  

  "Ever since we installed the new software, our productivity has increased. Therefore, the software must be the reason for the increase."
• Circular Reasoning


  this fallacy occurs when someone uses their conclusion as on of their premises, essentially begging the question

  
  

  "The Bible is true because it's the word of God, and we know it's word of God because the Bible says so."
• Appeal in Ignorance


  this fallacy asserts that a claim is true because it has not been proven false, or vice versa

  
  

  "No one has proved that ghosts don't exist, so they must exist."
• Hasty Generalization


  this fallacy occurs when someone draws a conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence.

  "I met two rude people from that city, so everyone from that city must be rude."
• Red Herring


  this fallacy involves introducing irrelevant information to divert attention away from the topic at hand

  "A: We need to address the issue of climate change and its impact on the environment.

  B: But what about the economy? Implementing environmental regulations will hurt businesses and lead to job losses. We should focus on economic growth instead."
• Appeal to Emotion


  this fallacy attempts to manipulate emotions in order to win an argument, rather than relying on logical reasoning.

  "You should support this charity because if you don't, you don't care about starving children."
• Problem-Solution

  • organizes ideas into problems and proposed solutions
  • the problem section, usually includes what, who, when, where, why, and how of the problem
  • the other part then represents the major effects of the problem and the possible solutions to address it, as well as the steps in implementing...
• organizes ideas to show how a set of evidence leads to a logical conclusion or argument


  Persuasion
• Persuasion


  present the issue, position, and the supporting evidence that supports the position
• Properties of a well-written text

  • Organization
  • Coherence and Cohesion
  • Language Use
  • Mechanics
• Organization


  1. Arrangement of ideas, incident, details, evidence and order

  2. Achieved when ideas are logically and accurately arranged

  3. Knowledge of the parts of a composition is a great help in adhering to the correct organization of ideas

  4. The sentences within a paragraph must also be organized logically
• Coherence


  • Occurs when ideas are connected at the conceptual level or idea level
  • Can be seen through well-defended arguments and organized points
• Cohesion

  • The connection of ideas at the sentence level
  • Can readily be seen in a text through the smooth flow of the sentences and the connection of the ideas
• Cohesive techniques

  1. Using pronouns to refrain from using a specific word repeatedly

  2. Using transitional devices to connect sentences with linked ideas

  3. A repetition of keywords to tie up the paragraphs subtly
• Using pronouns to refrain from using a specific word repeatedly


  • The dog wagged its tail enthusiastically as it waited by the door. It knew its owner would be home soon. Finally, the door opened, and it bounded toward them, barking joyfully. They laughed and petted it, happy to be reunited. Later, they went for a walk together, enjoying the fresh air and sunshine.
• Using transitional devices to connect sentences with linked ideas


  • Climate change is a big concern for scientists and the public. As the Earth's temperatures are rising fast, this worries researchers about what might happen to nature. People and nature both play a role in climate change, making it a complex problem. Therefore, scientists, governments, and others are working together to find solutions. Ultimately, we need to act now to protect the planet for future generations.
• A repetition of keywords to tie up the paragraphs subtly


  • The old city stood strong, telling stories of the past. Its walls, worn by time, showed the triumphs and struggles of its people. In its streets, you could hear tales of conquest and culture. Despite changes, the city remained a symbol of heritage. Today, it still stands as a reminder of its history.
• Language use


  • Refers to the acceptable style of language for a particular form of text
  • The way language is used is one of the clearest indicators of a well-written text
  • Enables the writer to effectively communicate ideas without confusing the reader
• Effective language use principles

  1. Use clear and concise sentences

  2. Avoid redundancies, wordiness, cliches, and high falutin language

  3. Avoid excessive use of "there" and "it" structures

  4. Be consistent with your pronoun's point of view

  5. Avoid sexist language

  6. Use appropriate level of formality