Lesson 4

• Anatomy


  Structure and body parts
• Reproduction


  Process of producing offspring
• Lifespan Developmental Stages


  1. Prenatal stage

  2. Infancy stage (birth – 2 yrs.) – feeding and comfort

  3. Early childhood (3 – 5 yrs.) – toilet training; how to dress; preschool

  4. School age and Grade schooler (6 – 11 yrs.) – school

  5. Adolescence (12 – 18 yrs.) – social responsibility; understanding identity

  6. Young adult (19 – 40 yrs.) – intimate…

  7. Middle Adulthood (40 – 65 yrs.) – prioritize work; work and parenthood

  8. Late Adulthood (66 yrs. – death) - maturity
• Genitals


  External sex organs
• Primary sex characteristics


  Sex characteristics that are present at birth
• Secondary sex characteristics


  Sex characteristics that emerge during puberty
• Humans experience various physical and emotional changes from childhood to adulthood. These changes are gradual and progress at different ages and speed in different people.
• The sexual organs of men and women arise from the same structures and fulfill similar functions.
• Gonads


  Ovaries are female gonads; testes are the male gonads
• Germ cells


  Female germ cells are ova (egg); male germ cells are sperm
• Ova and sperm are the basic units of reproduction; their union can lead to the creation of a new life.
• Vulva


  All the external genital structures taken together
• Female external genitalia


  • Mons veneris
  • Labia majora
  • Prepuce
  • Clitoris
  • Labia minora
  • Vestibule
  • Urethral opening
  • Perineum
• Vagina


  Collapsible canal extending from vaginal opening back and upward into body to cervix and uterus
• Cervix


  Small end of uterus to which vagina leads
• Uterus


  Womb, organ with pelvic zone where fetus is carried
• Fallopian tubes


  Carry egg cells from ovaries to uterus, this is where fertilization occurs
• Secretory Phase


  1. Pituitary gland releases LH that causes the ovary to release a mature ovum and causes the remaining portion of the follicle to develop into the corpus luteum

  2. Corpus luteum produces progesterone

  3. Endometrial glands begin to secrete nutrients, and lining becomes more vascular in response to increasing level of progesterone
• Problems associated with menstruation

  • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
  • Dysmenorrhea
  • Amenorrhea
• At menopause (usually around age 45-50), a woman stops menstruating as ova are no longer brought to maturity.
• Symptoms during menopause transition

  • Hot flashes
  • Night sweats
  • Sleep disturbances
  • Headaches
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
  • Difficulty of becoming sexually aroused
• Female secondary sexual characteristics

  • Widening of hips and pelvis
  • Enlargement of breasts
• Generally shorter than men, greater proportion of body weight composed of fat than men, two X chromosomes reduces repression of many sex-linked conditions, and lower mortality rate at every page and longer projected lifespan than men.
• Male external genitalia


  • Prepuce
  • Penis
  • Corona
  • Frenulum
  • Scrotum
  • Urethral opening
  • Perineum
• Male internal reproductive organs

  • Testes
  • Vas deferens
  • Seminal vesicles
  • Ejaculatory ducts
  • Prostate
  • Urethra
• Generally taller and greater proportion of body with composed of water, proportionately larger heart and lungs, exposure to greater level of testosterone resulting in heavier body and facial hair, but also increased frequency and degree of baldness, and single X chromosome resulting in sex-linked conditions such as colorblindness and hemophilia.
• Testosterone


  Major male hormone produced mainly by the testes, responsible for the growth and development of a boy during adolescence and for the development of sperm and secondary sexual characteristics
• Male secondary sexual characteristics


  • No monthly cycle
  • Elongation of vocal cords (lower voice)
  • Broader shoulders
  • Deeper chest cavity
• Despite differences in physical appearance, the sexual organs of men and women arise from the same structures and fulfill similar functions.